lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Chimakuan languages are a group of extinct languages that were spoken in northwestern Washington state, United States, on the Olympic Peninsula. They were spoken by Chimakum, Quileute and Hoh tribes. They are part of the Mosan sprachbund, and one of its languages is famous for having no nasal consonants. The two languages were about as close as English and German.[citation needed] Due to proximity, the Chimakum languages are also similar to Wakashan languages.
Native American language family
Chimakuan |
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Geographic distribution | Olympic Peninsula, Washington |
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Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
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Subdivisions |
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ISO 639-2 / 5 | nai |
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Glottolog | chim1311 |
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Pre-contact distribution of Chimakuan languages |
Family division
- Chemakum (also known as Chimakum or Chimacum) (†)
- Quileute (also known as Quillayute) (†)
Chemakum is now extinct. It was spoken until the 1940s on the east side of the Olympic Peninsula between Port Townsend and Hood Canal. The name Chemakum is an Anglicized version of a Salishan word for the Chimakum people, such as the nearby Twana word čə́bqəb [t͡ʃə́bqəb] (earlier [t͡ʃə́mqəm]).
Quileute is now extinct. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries a revitalization effort began, and it is today spoken as a second language by a relatively small amount of the Quileute tribe on the west coast of the Olympic Peninsula, south of Cape Flattery. The name Quileute comes from kʷoʔlí·yot' [kʷoʔlíːjotʼ], the name of a village at La Push.
Phonology
The Chimakuan languages have phonemic inventories similar to other languages of the Mosan sprachbund, with three vowels, ejective consonants, uvular consonants, and lateral affricates. However, both languages have typological oddities: Chemakum had no simple velar consonants, and Quileute has no nasal consonants.
Proto-Chimakuan
The (pre-)Proto-Chimakuan sound system contained three vowels, long and short, and lexical stress. It had the following consonants.
|
Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Glottal |
plain | sibilant | lateral |
plain | labialized |
plain | labialized |
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless |
p |
t |
t͡s |
|
t͡ʃ |
k |
kʷ |
q |
qʷ |
ʔ |
ejective |
pʼ |
tʼ |
t͡sʼ |
t͡ɬʼ |
t͡ʃʼ |
kʼ |
kʷʼ |
qʼ |
qʷʼ |
Fricative |
|
|
s |
ɬ |
ʃ |
x |
xʷ |
χ |
χʷ |
h |
Approximant |
normal |
m |
n |
|
l |
j |
|
w |
|
|
|
glottalized |
m̰ |
n̰ |
|
l̰ |
j̰ |
|
w̰ |
|
|
|
In Proto-Chimakuan the series [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ ʃ] occurred (mostly?) before the vowel /i/. On the other hand, [kʷ kʷʼ xʷ] occurred (mostly?) before the vowels /a, o/. These series may have become separate phonemes before Chimakum and Quileute split, but if so, it seems clear that they had been allophones not long before then.
In Quileute the stress became fixed to the penultimate syllable, though subsequent changes made it somewhat unpredictable, and the glottalized sonorants became allophonic with glottal stop-sonorant sequences and so can no longer be considered phonemic. Open syllables developed long vowels. Perhaps as recently as the late 19th century, the nasals /m n m̰ n̰/ became voiced plosives /b d ʔb ʔd/.
In Chemakum, stressed vowels frequently acquired glottal stops; /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ ʃ/ depalatalized to /t͡s t͡sʼ s/, while /k kʼ x/ palatalized to /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ ʃ/; sonorants lost their glottalization; and the approximants /j w j̰ w̰/ hardened to /t͡ʃ kʷ/ in the environment of stressed vowels.
Morphology
There are more than 20 known common inflectional suffixed and about 200 derivational suffixes. No common prefixes are known. In some cases, infixes are used in both languages.
Lexicon
Below is a table listing numerals from 1 to 10 in Chemakum and Quileute:
Numeral |
Chemakum |
Quileute |
Proto-Chimakuan |
1 |
kwaaɬ |
waaɬ |
*kwaaɬ |
2 |
ɬakwa |
ɬaʔwa |
*ɬakwa |
3 |
qwalii |
qwaʔli- |
*qwaʔli- |
4 |
miʔiis |
baʔyas |
*maʔyas |
5 |
|
|
|
6 |
ʦiɬaas |
ʧiɬaas |
*ʦiɬaas |
7 |
ʦquuʔul-kwant |
|
|
8 |
qwayii-kwant |
|
|
9 |
kwiiʦχal |
|
|
10 |
ʧʼiitaʔa |
|
|
References
Bibliography
- Andrade, Manuel J. (1933). Quileute. New York: Columbia University Press. (Extract from Handbook of American Indian Languages (Vol. 3, pp. 151–292); Andrade's doctoral dissertation).
- Andrade, Manuel J. (1953). Notes on the relations between Chemakum and Quileute. International Journal of American Linguistics, 19, 212–215.
- Andrade, Manuel J.; & Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1931). Quileute texts. Columbia University contributions to anthropology (Vol. 12). New York: Columbia University Press.
- Boas, Franz. (1892). Notes on the Chemakum language. American Anthropologist, 5, 37–44.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Primary language families |
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Africa | |
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Eurasia (Europe and Asia) | |
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New Guinea and the Pacific |
- Arai–Samaia
- Austronesian
- Binanderean–Goilalan
- Border
- Bulaka River
- Central Solomons
- Chimbu–Wahgi
- Demta–Sentani
- Doso–Turumsa
- East Geelvink Bay
- East New Britain
- East Strickland
- Eleman
- Engan
- Fas
- Foja Range
- Kaure–Kosare
- Kiwaian
- Kutubuan
- Lakes Plain
- Lower Mamberamo
- Lower Sepik
- Madang
- Mairasi
- North Bougainville
- Pauwasi
- Ramu
- Senagi
- Senu River
- Sepik
- Skou
- South Bougainville
- Teberan
- Torricelli
- Trans-Fly
- Trans–New Guinea
- Turama–Kikorian
- Upper Yuat
- West Papuan
- Yam
- Yawa
- Yuat
- Northwest Papuan?
- Papuan Gulf?
| Isolates | |
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|
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Australia | |
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North America | |
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Mesoamerica | |
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South America |
- Andoque–Urequena
- Arauan
- Araucanian
- Arawakan
- Arutani–Sape
- Aymaran
- Barbacoan
- Boran
- Cahuapanan
- Cariban
- Catacaoan
- Chapacuran
- Charruan
- Chibchan
- Choco
- Chonan
- Guaicuruan
- Guajiboan
- Harákmbut–Katukinan
- Jirajaran
- Jivaroan
- Katembri–Taruma
- Mascoian
- Matacoan
- Nadahup
- Nambikwaran
- Otomákoan
- Pano-Tacanan
- Peba–Yaguan
- Quechuan
- Piaroa–Saliban
- Ticuna–Yuri
- Timotean
- Tiniguan
- Tucanoan
- Tupian
- Uru–Chipaya
- Witotoan
- Yanomaman
- Zamucoan
- Zaparoan
- Bora–Witoto languages?
- Chimuan?
- Esmeralda–Yaruro?
- Hibito–Cholón?
- Lule–Vilela?
- Macro-Jê?
- Tequiraca–Canichana?
| Isolates (extant in 2000) | |
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Sign languages | | Isolates |
- See list of sign languages
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See also |
- Constructed languages
- Creoles
- Language isolates
- Mixed languages
- Pidgins
- Unclassified languages
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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Indigenous language families and isolates of North America |
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Language families and isolates | Eskimo–Aleut | |
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Na-Dene | |
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Algic | |
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Mosan ? | |
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Macro-Siouan ? | |
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Penutian ? | Plateau ? | |
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Coast Oregon ? | |
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Takelma–Kalapuyan ? | |
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Hokan ? | |
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Pueblo linguistic area | |
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Coahuiltecan linguistic area |
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Gulf ? | |
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Mesoamerican linguistic area | |
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Caribbean linguistic area |
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Proposed groupings | |
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Lists |
- Classification
- Extinct languages
- Unclassified languages
- Linguistic areas
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На других языках
- [en] Chimakuan languages
[es] Lenguas chimaku
La familia de lenguas Chimaku consta de dos lenguas habladas en el noroeste de Washington, Estados Unidos, en la península Olímpica. Es parte del área lingüística del Mosan, y una de sus lenguas es famosa por no tener consonantes nasales. Las dos lenguas se relacionaban entre sí como el idioma inglés y el idioma alemán.
[fr] Langues chimakuanes
Les langues chimakuanes sont une petite famille de langues amérindiennes, parlées aux États-Unis, dans la Presqu'île d'Olympic, dans l'État de Washington
[it] Lingue chimakuan
Le lingue chimakuan sono una famiglia di lingue native dell'America Settentrionale parlate negli Stati Uniti d'America, nella Penisola di Olympic nella zona nord occidentale dello stato di Washington.
[ru] Чимакумские языки
Чимакумские (чемакумские, чимакуанские) языки — семья из двух языков, носители которых живут на северо-западе штата Вашингтон (США) около полуострова Олимпик. Входят в мосанский языковой союз.
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