lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Megleno-Romanian (known as vlăhește by its speakers and Megleno-Romanian or Meglenitic and sometimes Moglenitic or Meglinitic by linguists) is a Balkan Romance language, similar to Aromanian or a dialect of the Romanian language.[3] It is spoken by the Megleno-Romanians in a few villages in the Moglena region that spans the border between the Greek region of Macedonia and North Macedonia. It is also spoken by emigrants from these villages and their descendants in Romania, in Turkey by a small Muslim group, and in Serbia. It is considered an endangered language.

Megleno-Romanian
vlăhește
Native to	Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Turkey,[1] Serbia
Ethnicity	Megleno-Romanians
Native speakers	5,000 (2002)[2]
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Eastern Romance[1] Balkan Romance[1] Megleno-Romanian
Early form	Common Romanian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ruq
Glottolog	megl1237
ELP	Megleno-Romanian
Linguasphere	51-AAD-bb

Eastern Romance languages
Vulgar Latin language Substratum Thraco-Roman culture
Romanian
including Moldovan Alphabet Romanian Cyrillic Moldovan Cyrillic Grammar Nouns Verbs Numbers Phonology Lexis Regulating bodies Romanian Academy Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Aromanian
Alphabet
Megleno-Romanian
Alphabet
Istro-Romanian
Alphabet Grammar
v t e

Classification

Megleno-Romanian is a member of the family of Romance languages. More specifically, it is an Eastern Romance language, a language formed after the retreat of the Roman Empire from the Balkans. Due to the fact that it is spoken by very few people and because of its similarities with the Aromanian, modern Romanian and Istro-Romanian languages, some linguists consider it to be an intermediary between Romanian and Aromanian, often being considered either a dialect of Romanian, a dialect of Aromanian, or an independent language. It is closer to standard Romanian than the Aromanian language, suggesting that it split from Common Romanian later than Aromanian. Megleno-Romanian has been strongly influenced by the neighbouring South Slavic varieties.

Name

The term Megleno-Romanian has been used by linguists (mainly Romanian), who noticed the similarity to the Romanian language. The Megleno-Romanians identify themselves as Vlahi (see Etymology of Vlach for more on this term).^{[citation needed]}

Geographical distribution

Megleno-Romanian is spoken in several villages in the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Macedonia, Greece, as well as in a handful of villages across the border in North Macedonia. In one village, Huma, the language is still spoken by most inhabitants. Some people of Megleno-Romanian origin who live in the cities of Gevgelija and Skopje have preserved their native language. After World War I, some Megleno-Romanians moved to Romania, in Southern Dobruja, but were moved to the village of Cerna in Tulcea County (Northern Dobruja) after the population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania. In Cerna, about 1,200 people continue to speak Megleno-Romanian. In 1940, about 30 families moved from Cerna to the Banat region of Romania in the villages of Variaș, Biled and Jimbolia. Some speakers who identified as Muslim, from the village of Nânti (Nótia), were moved to Turkey from Greece as part of the population exchange between them of the 1920s. Some also live in Serbia, specially in the village of Gudurica.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ɲ
Stop	voiceless	p	t		c	k
	voiced	b	d		ɟ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s	t͡ʃ
	voiced		d͡z	d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	ç		(h)
	voiced	v	z	ʒ
Trill			r
Approximant	lateral		l		ʎ
	central				j	w

• Sounds [h] as well as [β, ð, ɣ] can also occur from Greek borrowings.[4][5]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Close-mid	e eː	ə	o oː
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ ɔː
Open		a aː

Megleno-Romanian has some unique phonetic characteristics, not found in the other Eastern Romance languages:

1. long vowels: ā, ē, ī, ǭ, ō, ū
2. ă, â → o, a: câmp → comp (field), mânc → mānanc (I eat)
3. unstressed initial a disappears: eram → ram (I was), aveam → veam (We had ), aduc → duc (I bring)

Vocabulary

Much of the vocabulary is of Latin origin and much of its phonetics and semantics is shared with Aromanian and Romanian: (n.b.: MR=Megleno-Romanian, DR=Daco-Romanian, i.e. Romanian)

• basilica > MR bisearică, DR biserică (church, originally "basilica")
• lumen > MR lumi, DR lume (world, originally "light")
• monumentum > MR murmint, DR mormânt (grave, originally "monument")
• strigis > MR strig, DR strig (I yell, originally "owl")
• draco > MR drac, DR drac (devil, originally "dragon")

Megleno-Romanian also contains some words that have cognates with Albanian. These words are present in Daco-Romanian too:

• MR brad; DR brad; cf. Alb. bredh (fir tree)
• MR monz; DR mânz; cf. Alb. mës (colt)
• MR bucuros; DR bucuros; (happy) cf. Alb bukur (beautiful)

There are also some words which are of Slavic origin and which can be found in all the Eastern Romance languages:

• MR trup; DR trup (body); cf. Sl. trupŭ
• MR stăpon; DR stăpân (master); cf. Old Slavic. stopanŭ, today's Bulgarian stopanin and Macedonian stopan

There are a number of Byzantine and Modern Greek words, several dozens of which are also found in Daco-Romanian (Romanian language) and Aromanian and about 80 words that were borrowed via Macedonian and Bulgarian languages and other languages of the Balkans. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Greece, Megleno-Romanian borrowed very few words directly from Greek.

• Gr. prósfatos > MR proaspit; DR proaspăt (fresh)
• Gr. keramídi > MR chirămidă; DR cărămidă (brick)
• Gr. lemoni > MR limonă, via Bulg. limon (lemon); cf. DR lămâie

The most important influence on Megleno-Romanian was the East South Slavic languages, this influence being more profound than that exerted by Greek on Aromanian. Most Slavic terms are of Macedonian and Bulgarian origins. The linguist Theodor Capidan argued that the words borrowed show some phonetic features of the Bulgarian language dialect spoken in the Rhodope Mountains. There are many instances where basic words of Latin origin that can still be found in Daco-Romanian and Aromanian were replaced by Slavic words. In some cases, standard Romanian also independently borrowed the same word.

• Bulgarian (Slavic) drob > MR drob
• Bulgarian neviasta > MR niveastă (bride)
• Bulgarian gora > MR goră (forest)

See also

• Istro-Romanian language
• Substrate in Romanian
• Balkan sprachbund
• Origin of the Romanians
• Thraco-Roman
• Daco-Roman
• Romance languages
• Legacy of the Roman Empire

References

Further reading

External links

• Megleno-Romanii, by Dr. Emil Tarcovnicu (in Romanian)
• Megleno-Romanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)
• Asterios Koukoudis, Studies on the Vlachs

На других языках

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[de] Meglenorumänische Sprache

Die meglenorumänische (seltener auch meglenitische) Sprache ist eine im Grenzgebiet zwischen Griechenland und Nordmazedonien gesprochene Sprache, die zur rumänischen Gruppe der romanischen Sprachen gehört. Ihre Sprecher werden als Meglenorumänen bezeichnet.

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- [en] Megleno-Romanian language

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[es] Idioma meglenorrumano

El meglenorrumano, meglenítico o meglenita es una lengua romance del grupo romance oriental. Está emparentada con el rumano y se habla en algunas poblaciones del norte de Grecia y el sur de Macedonia del Norte.

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[fr] Mégléno-roumain

Le mégléno-roumain, dit aussi méglénite (μογλενίτικη γλώσσα en Grèce, мъгленитски en Macédoine du Nord), est un groupe de dialectes parlés par une population appelée « Mégléno-roumains » dans les milieux académiques. Son statut est controversé. Certains linguistes, par exemple le roumain Alexandru Graur, le considèrent comme une langue à part faisant partie des langues romanes orientales, avec le roumain, l’aroumain et l’istro-roumain, mais la plupart des chercheurs y voient une variante régionale du roumain. Parmi ceux-ci il n’y a pas d’unité quant au statut du mégléno-roumain par rapport aux autres variantes[3].

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[it] Lingua meglenorumena

La lingua meglenorumena (o meglenorumeno) viene parlata nel nord della Grecia in una piccola area confinante con la Macedonia del Nord, in alcuni villaggi dell'estremo sud della Macedonia del Nord e in una località della Dobrugia in Romania. Il meglenorumeno è una delle lingue romanze balcaniche e viene parlato da oltre 5.000 meglenorumeni[1], che si chiamano tra loro Vlashi e in Grecia Valacchi (da Valacchia).

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[ru] Мегленорумынский язык

Мегленорумы́нский язы́к (также меглено-рома́нский[3], меглени́тский язы́к, мегленовла́шский язы́к, мегле́нский язы́к; самоназвание: vlășéște «(говорить) по-влашски») — язык[4] мегленорумын, распространённый в приграничных районах южной Македонии и северной Греции. Относится к восточно-романской подгруппе романской группы индоевропейской языковой семьи. Наиболее близок к арумынскому языку. Часть лингвистов рассматривают мегленорумынский как самостоятельный язык, часть — относит его к диалектам румынского языка[5], однако с уточнением, что он, вместе с арумынским и истрорумынским, входит в группу атипичных дивиргентных диалектов, не взаимодействующих с современным румынским в его литературной форме. Является исчезающим языком. Общее число говорящих — около 5000 человек[1][2].

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