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Tigre (Tigre: ትግረ tigre or ትግሬ tigrē), better known in Eritrea by its autonym Tigrayit (ትግራይት), is an Ethiopian Semitic language spoken in the Horn of Africa. It belongs to the Semitic branch and is primarily spoken by the Tigre people in Eritrea.[3] Along with Tigrinya, it is believed to be the most closely related living language to Ge'ez, which is still in use as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tigre has a lexical similarity of 71% with Ge’ez and of 64% with Tigrinya.[4] As of 1997, Tigre was spoken by approximately 800,000 Tigre people in Eritrea.[5] The Tigre mainly inhabit western Eritrea, though they also reside in the northern highlands of Eritrea and its extension into the adjacent part of Sudan, as well as Eritrea's Red Sea coast north of Zula.

Tigre
ትግረ (Tigre) / ትግሬ (Tigrē) / ትግራይት (Tigrayit)/ ኻሳ (Xasa)[1]
Native toEritrea
EthnicityTigre
Native speakers
1 million[2]
Language family
Afro-Asiatic
Writing system
Tigre alphabet (Geʽez script), Arabic script
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
 Eritrea
 Sudan
Language codes
ISO 639-2tig
ISO 639-3tig
Glottologtigr1270
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

The Tigre people are not to be confused with their neighbors to the south, the Tigrinya people of Eritrea and the Tigrayans of Ethiopia, who speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is also derived from the parent Geʽez tongue, but is quite distinct from Tigre despite the similarity in name.


Dialects


There are several dialects of Tigre, some of them are; Mansa’ (Mensa), Habab, Barka, Semhar, Algeden, Senhit (Ad-Tekleis, Ad-Temariam, Bet-Juk, Marya Kayah, Maria Tselam) and Dahalik, which is spoken in Dahlak archipelago. Intelligibility between the dialects is above 91% (except Dahalik), where intelligibility between Dahalik and the other dialects is between 24% to 51%.[5]


Numeral



Cardinal Numbers



Ordinal Numbers


Ordinal numbers have both feminine and masculine form. The gender-neutral ordinal numbers are described in the section below. To describe the masculine form –“ay” is added and respective -ayt to describe the feminine form.


Phonology


Tigre has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants of Ge'ez. The Ge'ez vowel inventory has almost been preserved except that the two vowels which are phonetically close to [ɐ] and [a] seem to have evolved into a pair of phonemes which have the same quality (the same articulation) but differ in length; [a] vs. [aː]. The original phonemic distinction according to quality survives in Tigrinya. The vowel [ɐ], traditionally named "first order vowel", is most commonly transcribed ä in Semitic linguistics.

The phonemes of Tigre are displayed below in both International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols (indicated by the IPA brackets) and the symbols common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages. For the long vowel /aː/, the symbol 'ā' is used per Raz (1983). Three consonants, /p, p', x/, occur only in a small number of loanwords, hence they are written in parentheses.

As in other Ethiopian Semitic languages, the phonemic status of /ə/ is questionable; it may be possible to treat it as an epenthetic vowel that is introduced to break up consonant clusters.

Consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop voiceless (p) t tʃ ⟨č⟩ k ʔ
voiced b d dʒ ⟨ǧ⟩ ɡ
ejective (pʼ) tʼ tʃʼ ⟨č'⟩ kʼ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ⟨š⟩ (x) ħ h
voiced z ʒ ⟨ž⟩ ʕ
ejective sʼ
Approximant l j ⟨y⟩ w
Rhotic r
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ ⟨ə⟩ u
Mid e o
Open a, aː ⟨ā⟩

Consonant length


Consonant length is phonemic in Tigre (that is, a pair of words can be distinct by consonant length alone), although there are few such minimal pairs. Some consonants do not occur long; these include the pharyngeal consonants, the glottal consonants, /w/, and /j/. In this language, long consonants arise almost solely by gemination as a morphological process; there are few, if any, long consonants in word roots. Gemination is especially prominent in verb morphology.


Grammar


These notes use the spelling adopted by Camperio (1936 - see bibliography) which seems to approximate to Italian rules.

Nouns are of two genders, masculine and feminine.

As we might expect from a Semitic language, specifically feminine forms, where they exist, are often formed of an element with t:

In a similar way, sound-changes can also mark the difference between singular and plural:

Personal pronouns distinguish "you, masculine" and "you, feminine" in both singular and plural:

The possessive pronouns appear (a) suffixed to the noun, (b) as separate words:

The verb "to be":

The verb "to be", past tense:

The verb "to have":

and so on, with the last word in each case:

The verb "to have": past tense, using a feminine noun as an example:

and so on, with the last word in each case:


Sample


Other samples


Writing system


Since around 1889, the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script) has been used to write the Tigre language. Tigre speakers formerly used Arabic more widely as a lingua franca.[6] The Bible has been translated into the Tigre language.[7]


Ge'ez script


See also: Ge'ez script § Adaptations to other languages

Ge'ez script is an abugida, with each character representing a consonant+vowel combination. Ge'ez and its script are also called Ethiopic. The script has been modified slightly to write Tigre.

Tigre Ge'ez Script
 äuiaeəowäwiwawewə
h ሀሁሂሃሄህሆ 
l ለሉሊላሌልሎ 
ḥ ሐሑሒሓሔሕሖ 
m መሙሚማሜምሞ 
r ረሩሪራሬርሮ 
s ሰሱሲሳሴስሶ 
š ሸሹሺሻሼሽሾ 
ḳ ቀቁቂቃቄቅቆቈቊቋቌቍ
b በቡቢባቤብቦ 
t ተቱቲታቴትቶ 
č ቸቹቺቻቼችቾ 
ḫ ኀኁኂኃኄኅኆኈኊኋኌኍ
n ነኑኒናኔንኖ 
ʾ አኡኢኣኤእኦ 
k ከኩኪካኬክኮኰኲኳኴኵ
w ወዉዊዋዌውዎ 
ʿ ዐዑዒዓዔዕዖ 
z ዘዙዚዛዜዝዞ 
ž ዠዡዢዣዤዥዦ 
y የዩዪያዬይዮ 
d ደዱዲዳዴድዶ 
ǧ ጀጁጂጃጄጅጆ 
g ገጉጊጋጌግጎጐጒጓጔጕ
ṭ ጠጡጢጣጤጥጦ 
č̣ ጨጩጪጫጬጭጮ 
p̣ ጰጱጲጳጴጵጶ 
ṣ ጸጹጺጻጼጽጾ 
f ፈፉፊፋፌፍፎ 
p ፐፑፒፓፔፕፖ 
 äuiaeəowäwiwawewə

See also



Notes


  1. "Tigre alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  2. Elias, David (23 May 2014). "1". The Tigre Language of Gindaˁ, Eritrea. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 9789004271203. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  3. "Tigre language". Bratannica Encyclopaedia.
  4. "Tigré".
  5. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  6. "Tigré". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  7. Senai W. Andemariam. 2012. The Story of the Translation of the Bible into Tǝgre. Ityopis 2:62-88. Web access


Tigre language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Bibliography



На других языках

[de] Tigre (Sprache)

Tigre (auch: Tigré, in äthiopischer Schrift ትግረ Tigre oder ትግሬ Tigrē; in Sudan ኻሳ Xasa, arabisch الخاصية al-ḫāṣiyah) ist eine semitische Sprache, die dem Altäthiopischen und dem Tigrinya sehr nahesteht.
- [en] Tigre language

[es] Idioma tigré

El tigré (alfabeto ge'ez: ትግረ tigre o ትግሬ tigrē; también conocido como Xasa en Sudán; en alfabeto árabe: الخاصية ḫāṣiyah) es un idioma semítico que junto al tigriña se cree que es un descendiente directo del ya extinto idioma ge'ez. El ge'ez todavía se usa como lengua litúrgica de las Iglesias tewahedo ortodoxa etíope y eritrea. Para 1997, el tigré era hablado por aproximadamente 800 000 personas en Eritrea.[1] El pueblo tigré se encuentra casi todo en el occidente de Eritrea, el resto habita la parte adyacente del Sudán. En Eritrea habitan la meseta central y norte y las playas del mar rojo al norte de Zula. No se debe confundir al pueblo tigré con sus vecinos del sur, el pueblo tigriña de Eritrea y Etiopía. La provincia septentrional etíope que ahora se llama la región de Tigray es territorio de los tigriñas.

[fr] Tigré (langue)

Le tigré est une langue éthiosémitique parlée en Érythrée et au Soudan.

[it] Lingua tigrè

La lingua tigrè (Ge'ez ትግረ tigre o ትግሬ tigré; qualche volta scritto come tigré o tigre e conosciuta anche come Xasa in Sudan; Arabo الخاصية .mw-parser-output .Unicode{font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic,Code2000,Doulos SIL,Chrysanthi Unicode,Bitstream Cyberbit,Bitstream CyberBase,Bitstream Vera,Thryomanes,Gentium,GentiumAlt,Visual Geez Unicode,Lucida Grande,Arial Unicode MS,Microsoft Sans Serif,Lucida Sans Unicode;font-family:inherit}ḫāṣiyah) è una lingua semitica che, assieme alla lingua tigrina, si crede sia una delle dirette discendenti dell'estinto ge'ez (il ge'ez viene ancora usato come lingua liturgica della Chiesa ortodossa etiopica tewahedo, della Chiesa ortodossa eritrea tewahedo, della Chiesa cattolica etiope e delle Chiesa cattolica eritrea). Nel 1997, il Tigrè era parlato da circa 800 000 persone in Eritrea.[1] La popolazione Tigrè si trova quasi tutta nell'Eritrea occidentale, mentre il resto abita l'adiacente parte del Sudan. In Eritrea, abitano l'altopiano centrale e settentrionale e le rive del Mar Rosso a nord di Zula. Tradizionalmente, la lingua locale delle isole Dahlak, il dahlik, viene considerata un dialetto del Tigrè, ma recentemente alcune ricerche hanno modificato questa opinione.

[ru] Тигре (язык)

Язык тигре (ትግራይት‎ (Tigrayit/Tigraayit) - эфиосемитский язык одноименного народа, распространенный в Эритрее и на востоке Судана.


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