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Balti (Nastaʿlīq script: بلتی, Tibetan script: སྦལ་ཏི།, Wylie: sbal ti) is a Tibetic language natively spoken by the ethnic Balti people in the Baltistan region of Gilgit−Baltistan, Pakistan, Nubra Valley of the Leh district and in the Kargil district of Ladakh, India.[2] The language differs from Standard Tibetan; many sounds of Old Tibetan that were lost in Standard Tibetan are retained in the Balti language. It also has a simple pitch accent system only in multi-syllabic words[3] while Standard Tibetan has a complex and distinct pitch system that includes tone contour.

Balti
بلتی སྦལ་འཐུས་
Native to	Baltistan and Ladakh
Region	Pakistan, India
Ethnicity	Balti
Native speakers	425,000 in Pakistan (2018) Total users in all countries: 438,800 (2018)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Kanauri? Bodish Tibetic Ladakhi–Balti Balti
Writing system	Perso-Arabic script (current) Tibetan script (current) Balti (Historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bft
Glottolog	balt1258
ELP	Balti

Demographics and distribution

Balti is spoken in most parts of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, Kargil and Nubra Ladakh in India. According to the Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts, Balti is mostly spoken in Skardu, Shigar, Gultari, Ghanche, Roundu and Kharmang parts of Gilgit-Baltistan.[4] In the twin districts of Ladakh region (Kargil and Leh) it is spoken in Kargil city and its surrounding villages like Hardass, Lato, Karkitchhoo and Balti Bazar and in Leh – Turtuk, Bogdang, Tyakshi including Leh city and nearby villages. Balti language is also spoken by Balti immigrants in Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Islamabad, Quetta and other cities of Pakistan. In India it is spoken in Dehradun, Nainital, Ambari, Shimla and other cities of Northern India by immigrants who have migrated from Baltistan, Kargil, and Nubra before the partition of India and Pakistan.[5]

Classification and dialects

Historically, Buddhists in Leh refer to all Muslims in Ladakh as Balti. Balti language has four variants or dialects. Despite differentiation in pronunciation of vocabularies they are mutually intelligible for example Yuq is pronounced as Juq in the Purgi dialect of Kharmang and Kargil. Similarly for Milk Oma is pronounced in eastern Chorbat Nubra and Khaplu and Kharmang Kargil's Purgi dialect while Ona is pronounced in the western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu valley. Four variants or dialects of Balti language are:

1. Eastern dialect of Chorbat and Nubra valley
2. Central dialect of Khaplu valley
3. Western dialect of Skardu, Shigar and Rondu.
4. Southern dialect of Upper Kharmang and Kargil also called Purgi dialect.

[6][7]

Caption text

English	Eastern Nubra/Chorbat Dialect	Central Khaplu Dialect	Western Skardu Dialect	Southern Purgi Dialect
Milk	Oma	Oma	Ona	Oma
Keep	Yuq	Yuq	Yuq	Juq
Girl	Bono	Bono	Bono	Bomo
Mountain	Braq	Braq	Blaq	Braq

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t	ʈ			k	q
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ			kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɖ			ɡ	ɢ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s		t͡ʃ
	aspirated		t͡sʰ		t͡ʃʰ
	voiced		d͡z		d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless		s	(ʂ)	ʃ			χ	h
	voiced		z		ʒ			ʁ
Nasal		m	n			ɲ	ŋ
Tap			ɾ	(ɽ)
Lateral	plain		l	(ɭ)
	murmured		(lʱ)
Approximant		w				j

• Allophones of /l/ include [lʱ], [ɭ] and [ɫ̥].
• /ɖ/ can be realized as a flap [ɽ].
• /s/ can be retroflex [ʂ].[8]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		ɑ

• /ɑ/ varies between an open back [ɑ], an open-mid back [ʌ] and an open central [ä].[8]
• The mid /e o/ can be as low as open-mid ([ɛ, ɔ]).[9]

Orthographies

The predominant writing system currently in use for Balti is the Perso-Arabic script, although there have been attempts to revive the Tibetan script, which was used between the 8th and the 16th centuries.[10] Additionally, there are two, nowadays possibly extinct, indigenous writing systems[11] and there have been proposals for the adoption of Roman–[12] as well as Devanagari-based orthographies[13] that were adjusted for writing Balti by the Central Institute of Indian Languages in the 1970s.[14]

In 1985, Yousuf Hussainabadi added four new letters to the Tibetan script and seven new letters to the Persian script to adapt both of them according to the need of the Balti language. Two of the four added letters now stand included in the Tibetan Unicode alphabet.

Balti was written with a version of the Tibetan script from 727 AD, when Baltistan was conquered by Tibetans, until the last quarter of the 14th century, when the Baltis converted to Islam.[14] Since then, Persian script replaced the Tibetan script, but the former had no letters for seven Balti sounds and was in vogue in spite of the fact that it was defective. Adding the seven new letters has now made it a complete script for Balti.

Recently, a number of Balti scholars and social activists have attempted to promote the use of the Tibetan Balti or "Yige" alphabet[14] with the aim of helping to preserve indigenous Balti and Ladakhi culture and ethnic identity. Following a request from this community, the September 2006 Tokyo meeting of ISO/IEC 10646 WG2 agreed to encode two characters which are invented by Abadi (U+0F6B TIBETAN LETTER KKA and TIBETAN U+0F6C LETTER RRA) in the ISO 10646 and Unicode standards in order to support rendering Urdu loanwords present in modern Balti using the Yige alphabet.

Perso-Arabic alphabet

Letter	Romanization	IPA
ا	ā, a, (e), o, -	/ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/
ب	b	/b/
پ	p	/p/
ت	t	/t/
ٹ	ṭ	/ʈ/
ث	(s)	/s/
ج	j	/d͡ʒ/
ڃ	ž	/ʒ/
چ	č	/t͡ʃ/
ڇ	č̣	/ʈ͡ʂ/
ح	(h)	/h/
خ	x	/x/
د	d	/d/
ڈ	ḍ	/ɖ/
ذ	(z)	/z/
ر	r	/ɾ/
ڑ	ṛ	/ɽ/
ز	z	/z/
ڗ	đ/dz	/d͡z/
ژ	c/ts	/t͡s/
س	s	/s/
ش	š	/ʃ/
ݜ	ṣ	/ʂ/
ص	(s)	/s/
ض	(z)	/z/
ط	(t)	/t/
ظ	(z)	/z/
ع	(ā), (a), (e), (o), (-)	/ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/
غ	ǧ	/ʁ~ɢ/
ف	f	/pʰ~f/
ق	q	/q/
ک	k	/k/
کٔ	ǩ/ṡ	/ɕ/
گ	g	/ɡ/
ل	l	/l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/)
م	m	/m/
ن	n	/n/
ݨ	ŋ/ng	/ŋ/
ݩ	ň/ny	/ɲ/
و	w, u	/w/, /u/
ہ	h	/h/
ھ	_h	/◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/
ی	y, i	/j/, /i/
ے	e/ay	/e/

Yige alphabet

Additional Balti Yige Letter	Romanization	IPA
ཫ	q	/q/
ཬ	ɽ	/ɽ/
ཁ༹	x	/χ/
ག༹	ɣ	/ʁ/

Basic alphabets

	Unaspirated high		Aspirated medium		Voiced low		Nasal low
	Letter	IPA	Letter	IPA	Letter	IPA	Letter	IPA
Guttural	ཀ	/ka/	ཁ	/kʰa/	ག	/ɡa*/	ང	/ŋa/
Palatal	ཅ	/tʃa/	ཆ	/tʃʰa/	ཇ	/dʒa*/	ཉ	/ɲa/
Dental	ཏ	/ta/	ཐ	/tʰa/	ད	/da*/	ན	/na/
	ཙ	/tsa/	ཚ	/tsʰa/	ཛ	/dza*/	ཝ	/wa/
Labial	པ	/pa/	ཕ	/pʰa/	བ	/ba*/	མ	/ma/
low	ཞ	/ʒa*/	ཟ	/za*/	འ	/a/ ⟨ʼa⟩	ཡ	/ja/
medium	ར	/ra/	ལ	/la/	ཤ	/ʃa/	ས	/sa/
high	ཧ	/ha/	ཨ	/a/ ⟨ꞏa⟩
* – Only in loanwords

Evolution

Since Pakistan gained control of the region in 1948, Urdu words have been introduced into local dialects and languages, including Balti. In modern times, Balti has no native names or vocabulary for dozens of newly invented and introduced things; instead, Urdu and English words are being used in Balti.

Balti has retained many honorific words that are characteristic of Tibetan dialects and many other languages.

Below are a few examples:

Ordinary Balti	Text Writing	Honorific	Ladakhi	Meaning
Ata	اتا	Bawa/buwa/Baba	Aba	Father
kho	کھو	kho	kho	he
gashay	گشے	liakhmo	liakhmo	Beautiful
paynay	پینے	khumul	paynay	Money
bila	بلا	Bila	bila	Cat
su	سُو	su	su	Who
Ano/Amo	انو/امو	Zizi	Ama	Mother
Kaka	ککا	Kacho	Acho	Brother (elder)
Bustring	بُسترنگ	Zung	Nama	Woman / Wife
Momo	مومو	Jangmocho	Ajang	Maternal uncle
Nene	نےنے	Nenecho	Anay	Aunt
Bu	بُو	Bucho	butsha	Son
Fru	فُرو	Nono	thugu	Boy
Apo	اپو	Apocho	Meme	Grandfather
Api	اپی	Apicho	Abi	Grandmother
Ashe	اشے	Ashcho	achay	Sister (elder)
Zo	زو	bjes	Zo	Eat
Thung	تُھونگ	bjes	Thung	Drink
Ong	اونگ	Shokhs	Yong	Come
Song	سونگ	Shokhs	Song	Go
Zair	زیر	Kasal-byung	Zer	Speak/Say
Ngid tong	نِت تونگ	ghzim tong	Ngid tong	Sleep (go to)
Lagpa	لقپا	Phyaq-laq/g	Lagpa	Hand/Arm
Khyang	کھیانگ	Yang/Yari-phyaqpo	Khyorang	You
Kangma	کنگما	gzok-po	kangba	Leg

Literature

No prose literature except proverb collections have been found written in Balti.^{[citation needed]} Some epics and sagas appear in oral literature such as the Epic of King Gesar, and the stories of rgya lu cho lo bzang and rgya lu sras bu. All other literature is in verse. Balti literature has adopted numerous Persian styles of verse and vocables which amplify the beauty and melody of its poetry.

Nearly all the languages and dialects of the mountain region in the north of Pakistan such as Pashto, Khowar and Shina are Indo-Aryan or Iranic languages, but Balti is one of the Sino-Tibetan languages. As such, it has nothing in common with neighboring languages except some loanwords absorbed as a result of linguistic contact. Balti and Ladakhi are closely related.

The major issue facing the development of Balti literature is its centuries-long isolation from Tibet, owing to political divisions and strong religious differences and even from its immediate neighbor Ladakh for the last 50 years. Separated from its linguistic kin, Balti is under pressure from more dominant languages such as Urdu. This is compounded by the lack of a suitable means of transcribing the language following the abandonment of its original Tibetan script. The Baltis do not have the awareness to revive their original script and there is no institution that could restore it and persuade the people to use it again.^{[citation needed]} Even if the script is revived, it would need modification to express certain Urdu phonemes that occur in common loanwords within Balti.

Examples of poetry:

Youq fangsay thalang paqzi na mandoq na mabour na

Na drolbi laming yani si soq fangse chi thobtook

Nasir Karimi

See also

• Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat
• Sart
• Balti people
• Baltistan
• Gilgit-Baltistan

References

Bibliography

• Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". In Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
• Pandey, Anshuman (2010). Introducing Another Script for Writing Balti (PDF) (Report).
• Rangan, K (1975). Balti Phonetic Reader. Central institute of Indian languages.
• Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Baltistan per aik Nazar'. 1984.
• Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf. Balti Zaban. 1990.
• Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, 'Tareekh-e-Adbiat;.
• Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, Baltistan Tehzeebo Saqafat.
• Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Tareekh-e-Baltistan'. 2003.
• Engineer Wazir Qalbi Ali, 'Qadam Qadam Baltistan'. 2006.
• "A Short Sketch of Balti English Grammar" by Ghulam Hassan Lobsang, 1995.
• Everson, Michael. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS. 2005-09-05
• Read, A.F.C. Balti grammar.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
• Sprigg, Richard Keith. Balti-English English-Balti dictionary. Richmond: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
• Backstrom, Peter C. Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2), 1992. 417 pp. ISBN 969-8023-12-7.

External links

• Balti Language Textbook for Class4
• Unicode
• Koshur: The Balti Language
• The Balti School
• Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan
• Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS
• Andrew West, Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti
• Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
• Northern Areas Development Gateway
• Pakistan's Northern Areas
• A Bibliography of Tibetan Linguistics

На других языках

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- [en] Balti language

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[es] Idioma balti

El balti (en alfabeto árabe: بلتی; en tibetano: སྦལ་ཏིའི་སྐད་ sbal-ti-skad) es una lengua sino-tibetana hablada en Baltistán, en Gilgit–Baltistán (Pakistán) y en algunas partes de Ladakh. Baltistán, antes del año 1948, era parte de la provincia de Ladaj. Algunas de las consonantes silenciosas escritas en el idioma tibetano son pronunciadas en el balti.

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[fr] Balti (langue)

Le balti est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée parmi les populations tibétaines du Baltistan pakistanais autour de Gilgit et de Skardu. Elle est aussi parlée au Purik, la région autour de Kargil à l'ouest du Ladakh dans l'État indien du Jammu-et-Cachemire, et prend ainsi aussi le nom de puriki)

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[it] Lingua balti

La lingua balti o balti è una lingua tibetana parlata in Pachistan (precisamente, nel Baltistan) e in India (nel territorio di Ladakh).

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[ru] Балти (язык)

Балти (тиб. སྦལ་འཐུས་, урду: بلتی, Вайли: sbal ti skad, THL: Beltiké) — один из языков Пакистана, входит в тибетскую группу языков[1]. Язык народа балти, населяющего Балтистан (район слияния рек Шайок и Шигар с рекой Инд) и Ладакх (Индия).

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