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The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.

Nambikwaran
Geographic
distribution		Mato Grosso, Brazil
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
Glottolognamb1299

The varieties of Mamaindê are often seen as dialects of a single language but are treated as separate Northern Nambikwaran languages by Ethnologue. Sabanê is a single speech community and thus has no dialects, while the Nambikwara language has been described as having eleven.[1]

The total number of speakers is estimated to be about 1,000, with Nambikwara proper being 80% of that number.[2] Most Nambikwara are monolingual but some young men speak Portuguese.[3] Especially the men of the Sabanê group are trilingual, speaking both Portuguese and Mamainde.[4]


Genetic relations


Price (1978) proposes a relationship with Kanoê (Kapixaná), but this connection is not widely accepted.[5]


Language contact


Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Aikanã, Irantxe, Itonama, Kanoe, Kwaza, Peba-Yagua, Arawak, Bororo, and Karib language families due to contact.[6]


Varieties



Jolkesky (2016)


Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[6]

(† = extinct)

Nambikwara

Loukotka (1968)


Below is a full list of Nambikwaran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]

Mason (1950) lists the following varieties under "Nambicuara proper":[8]


Mason (1950)


Sabane is listed by Mason (1950) as "Pseudo-Nambicuara" (Northern).


Vocabulary


Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for various Nambikwaran languages.[7]

glossTauitéSabanéAnunzeElotasuKokozúTagnaníTamaindéNeneTarundé
one améroknaknákenágeetegenõganagidzyarebanurékanákero
two balénehaːrosearudehaunõbandyerelaurébaʔãdo
head ua-negetüdwa-haniːkintoa-nekisúga-nakitúnuhi-naitenu-naite
tongue tayú-hendüuai-lehrúaño-herutoái-herúuai-hendénoio-hidndenuiú-endénui-edende
hand toái-kizeːdepibáuai-kizédwa-hikisutoái-ikisúua-hiténuhiː-hĩtenuna-noré
woman akiːnaʔñazédusédosútemoreːndenoretenorédenõ
water ariuarazéiñausuunsazúnarutundúnahirindenarundénáru
sun utianezeːyótaikidazéudiʔenikisuuterikisúchondínahndenaneré
maize guyakizeːkayátsukayátsugiatékaiatekiakinindékiáteninde
parrot anʔanzíkakaitezéãhruáhluaundaréaúndere
bow arankizeːukizéúkisuhukisúhutéhuteaindé
white eːseːnanzeːpãtekuidisúhanahéndesudéʔendehanidzarehaniʔna

Proto-language


Proto-Nambikwaran
Proto-Nambiquara
Reconstruction ofNambikwaran languages

Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978):[9]

Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978)
glossProto-Nambikwaran
‘maize, corn’*ka³yat³
‘tapir’*hv³¹ũː¹m
‘moon’*h'e³¹v³
‘water (n)’*na1pə̃³¹
‘now’*hi¹n
‘water’*yaut³
‘to tie’*t'ait¹
‘to walk’*h'ai²
‘that’*tei²l
‘here’*tiː¹
‘bow’*pok'³
‘wing’*n'əi³C
‘to hit’*su³l
‘to drink’*naː²
‘animal’*ha³no³la³
‘mouth’*youː²
‘good’*məu³li⁴
‘white’*pãn³
‘to play’*ləuː²n
‘head’*naik³
‘hair’*ĩć³
‘dog’*waiː³yvl³
‘to fall’*hi²
‘road’*ha³tẽp³
‘savannah’*mãl³
‘to sing’*pain³
‘grass’*sit³
‘meat’*sĩn³
‘house’*s'ip³
‘bark, shell’*kv³ləu³
‘to dig’*'uh³
‘sky’*h'əu³p(an⁴)
‘to smell’*nh'õn³
‘horn’*na³
‘rain’*ha³mə̃i³
‘ashes’*Cv³nõn³
‘snake’*t'ep³
‘to scratch’*kɨn²
‘to eat’*yain³
‘long’*ləː²
‘heart’*yv³lã¹k
‘string’*ẽp³
‘string’*nu²
‘to run’*hip³
‘to chop’*tau³
‘child’*mə̃ić³
‘to give’*õː¹
‘to lie (down)’*ć'aː¹
‘tooth’*wiː³
‘day’*lãn²ti³
‘two’*p'aː¹l(in¹)
‘to sleep’*ha³mũ³n'i²
‘he’*pai³
‘his’*na²
‘to rub’*lɨ¹nɨ³
‘to listen’*ain³
‘I’*t'ai²l
‘my’*t'a²
‘knife’*yu³l
‘to speak’*sɨ¹
‘beans’*ka³mat³
‘liver’*p'i⁴l
‘arrow’*hauːt'¹
‘flower’*yãuć³
‘fire’*yat²
‘leaf’*ha⁴ćeih³
‘leaf’*n'ãn'⁴
‘cold’*liː²
‘fog’*wi³Ca²
‘tobacco’*h'əić³
‘fat’*pa³nẽit¹
‘man’*en³t'
‘to swell’*wa⁴kaː³n
‘knee’*kat'³
‘to throw’*ta⁴naː¹m
‘there’*ti⁴paː³t
‘firewood’*(ha³)ne¹
‘to clean’*pəuː¹t
‘to clean’*han³
‘tongue’*pəi³l
‘smooth’*wa³suː³
‘worm’*yõ³yõ³C
‘far’*uː²l
‘monkey’*huć³
‘mother’*na²C
‘hand’*pik'²
‘left hand’*wãt³
‘husband’*wei³ćãi¹
‘to kill’*hãːn³
‘forest’*ća³w'əin³
‘to bite’*ĩː³m
‘woman’*(ha³)t'eh³
‘to swim’*həup²
‘nose’*a⁴miː³ć
‘night’*ka³na³C
‘to see’*ẽː²p
‘eye’*ei³ka³
‘jaguar’*ya³na¹l
‘where’*pai¹
‘ear’*n'a⁴
‘bone’*soh³
‘egg’*nau³
‘father’*wãi¹
‘father’*mĩː³n
‘bird’*ai³k'
‘tree, stick’*ha³piː³ć
‘foot’*yu³k'
‘stone’*t'a³pa³l
‘to hold’*hi³
‘breast’*nũn⁴k
‘fish’*h'ain³
‘feather’*w'əit¹
‘little’*ći³qi⁴hn
‘leg’*nəi²k
‘heavy’*sa³t'ei¹
‘louse’*ka³nãip¹ni³
‘black’*(ta³)ton³
‘pull’*sĩn³ćouː¹
‘when’*na³
‘what’*Ca¹tei²
‘to burn’*thəp⁴
‘hot’*mãn²
‘round’*ma³tũ³ma³tũn³
‘straight’*wain³
‘to laugh’*kãm³li¹
‘spit’*ka²sip¹
‘dry season’*ka³məi³kəu³n
‘dry’*lon¹
‘seed’*kɨ⁴
‘to sit’*yauː²
‘dirty’*n'aː¹ć'iː³
‘fear’*sup³l
‘earth’*k'ĩp³
‘earth’*nu³
‘crooked’*ta³ko³ta³kon³
‘guts’*ka³nai¹
‘one’*ka³naː³ka⁴(nat³)
‘fingernail, claw’*kai³l
‘achiote’*top³
‘old’*tĩn³
‘wind’*'it³
‘green’*sa³t'əiː³sa³i'əin³
‘red’*həi³n
‘to come’*mãː²
‘to live’*ka³t'en³
‘to fly’*h'in³
‘you’*w'ai²n
‘your’*mã⁴
‘to return’*wam²l
‘to vomit’*lop³

Bibliography



References


Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Nambikwaran reconstructions
  1. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  2. Nambiquaran languages. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
  3. Kroeker, 2001 p. 1
  4. Ethnologue. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
  5. Price, David P. 1978. The Nambiquara linguistic family. Anthropological Linguistics 20 (1): 14–37.
  6. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  7. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  8. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  9. Price, D. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. In Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 14-37. Published by: Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.

На других языках

- [en] Nambikwaran languages

[es] Lenguas nambicuaras

Las lenguas nambicuranas o nambikwara son una reducida familia de lenguas indígenas de la selva amazónica habladas por diversas etnias nambicuaras, hoy extendida por los estados brasileños de Mato Grosso y Rondonia.

[fr] Langues nambikwaranes

Les langues nambikwaranes sont une famille de langues amérindiennes d'Amérique du Sud, parlées en Amazonie dans l'Ouest du Brésil dans les États du Rondônia et de l'Amazonas.

[ru] Намбикварские языки

Намбикварские языки — небольшая языковая семья. Распространена в штате Мату-Гросу в Бразилии. Языки данной семьи нередко считаются диалектами одного языка, хотя взаимопонимание между ними отсутствует.


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