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Cantonese Bopomofo, or Cantonese Phonetic Symbols (traditional Chinese: 粵語注音符號; simplified Chinese: 粤语注音符号; Jyutping: Jyut6jyu5 zyu3jam1 fu4hou6; Cantonese Yale: Yuht-yúh jyu-yām fùh-houh) is an extended set of Bopomofo characters used to transcribe Yue Chinese and, specifically, its prestige Cantonese dialect. It was first introduced in early 1930s, and then standardized in 1950. It fell into disuse along with the original Bopomofo for Mandarin Chinese in the late 1950s.

Cantonese Bopomofo
粵語注音符號
粤语注音符号
ㄩ ㄐㄩㄧㆿ ㄈㄨㄏㄛㄨ
Script type
Semisyllabary
Time period
1931 to 1958 in Mainland China
Related scripts
Parent systems
Oracle bone script
Sister systems
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, Suzhou Phonetic Symbols, Hmu Phonetic Symbols
Unicode
Unicode range
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

History


The first system of phonetic characters for Cantonese was introduced in "Phonetic vocabulary of Cantonese characters for instruction of literacy to the people", 1931, by Ziu Ngaating. His system became a basis for the modern one, accepted in 1950 by the Guangdong Culture and Education department. In 1932, however, a different system was published in a draft by the Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation with supplementary symbols for non-Mandarin Sinitic languages, including Cantonese.


Symbols


Bopomofo for Cantonese contains additional characters to denote its specific sounds.

Initial consonantsSemi-vowelsVowelsFinal consonants

[p]

[t]

[k]

[t͡s]

[kʷ]

[iː], [j-]

[aː]

[aːi]

[aːn]

[m̩]

[-m]

[-p̚]

[pʰ]

[tʰ]

[kʰ]

[t͡sʰ]

[kʷʰ]

[uː], [w-]

[ɔː]

[ɐi]

[ɐn]

[ŋ̩]

[-n]

[-t̚]

[m]

[n]

[ŋ]

[y], [jy-]

[ɛː]

[aːu]

[aːŋ]

[-ŋ]

[-k̚]

[f]

[l]

[h]

[s]

[ɐ]

[ɐu]

[ɐŋ]

[œː]

Combined rhymes


The original Bopomofo was based on a two vowel model of Mandarin phonology, it contains two sets of vowel signs, one for the /a/-nucleus and another one for the /ə/ nucleus. These characters were inherited, with /a/ set used to denote long /aː/ of Cantonese, and /ə/ set for short /ɐ/. For the rhymes not found in Mandarin, Cantonese Bopomofo implements digraphs composed of a vowel character and a final consonants character. The monographs are highlighted in bold in the following table .

a i o u œ ü e


ɐ1


ɔː


œː


ɛː
-n
aːn

ɐn

iːn

ɔːn

uːn

ɵn

yːn

ɛːn2
-t
aːt̚

ɐt̚

iːt̚

ɔːt̚

uːt̚

ɵt̚

yːt̚

ɛːt̚2
-i
aːi

ɐi
ㄛㄧ
ɔːi
ㄨㄧ
uːi
ㆾㄧ
ɵy
ㄝㄧ
ei

aːŋ

ɐŋ

ɪŋ

ɔːŋ

ʊŋ

œːŋ

ɛːŋ
-k
aːk̚

ɐk̚

ɪk̚

ɔːk̚

ʊk̚

œːk̚

ɛːk̚
-u
aːu

ɐu
ㄧㄨ
iːu
ㄛㄨ
ou
ㄝㄨ
ɛːu2
-m
aːm

ɐm

iːm

ɛːm2
-p
aːp̚

ɐp̚

iːp̚

ɛːp̚2

Notes:

1 Final [ɐ] does not occur by itself.

2 Finals ㄝㄨ [ɛːu], [ɛːm], [ɛːp̚], [ɛːt̚], [ɛːn] only occur in colloquial readings, they were not included in the initial draft.


References





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