lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

Horpa or Stau (Chinese: 道孚语 Daofu, 爾龔語 Ergong) is one of several closely related Rgyalrongic languages of China. Horpa is better understood as a cluster of closely related yet unintelligible dialect groups/languages closely related to Horpa Shangzhai or Stodsde skad. The term Stodsde skad is a Tibetan name meaning "language of the upper village".

Horpa
Stau
Native toChina
RegionGarzê Prefecture, Sichuan Province
Native speakers
50,000 (2002–2004)[1]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
  • Qiangic
    • Rgyalrongic
      • Horpa
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
ero  Horpa
jih  sTodsde (Shangzhai)
Glottologhorp1240
ELP

Names


Ethnologue lists alternate names and dialect names for Horpa as Stau, Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, and rTa’u.[2]


Classification


Horpa is a type of Rgyalrongic language, a branch of the Qiangic languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Rgyalrong (proper), Lavrung, and Horpa-Shangzhai are in the Rgyalrongic subgroup. These have been organized into a family tree by Sun (2000).[3] Horpa and Shangzhai are sub-types of Horpa-Shangzhai, a Rgyalrongic language.


Geographic distribution


Horpa is spoken primarily in western Sichuan province, China, including in Dasang District, Danba County of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan.[4] There are about 50,000 Horpa speakers in the northwestern Sichuan. It is also spoken in nearby Dawu County, where it is called 'Stau', pronounced [stawuske].[5]

The cluster of languages variously referred to as Stau, Ergong or Horpa in the literature are spoken over a large area from Ndzamthang county (in Chinese Rangtang 壤塘县) in Rngaba prefecture (Aba 阿坝州) to Rtau county (Dawu 道孚) in Dkarmdzes prefecture (Ganzi 甘孜州), in Sichuan province, China. At the moment of writing, it is still unclear how many unintelligible varieties belong to this group, but at least three must be distinguished: the language of Rtau county (referred to as ‘Stau’ in this paper), the Dgebshes language (Geshizha 格什扎话) spoken in Rongbrag county (Danba 丹巴), and the Stodsde language (Shangzhai 上寨) in Ndzamthang.[6]

Ergong is a non-tonal language (Sun 2013).[7]


Varieties


Varieties of Horpa include Shangzhai Horpa and Gexi Horpa (Sun 2013).[8]

Jackson Sun (2018)[9] lists the following five varieties of Horpa.


Phonology



Consonants


Labial Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-
palatal
Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ (ɴ)
Plosive voiceless p t c k q (ʔ)
aspirated
voiced b d ɟ ɡ (ɢ)
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʂ t͡ɕ
aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ʂʰ t͡ɕʰ
voiced d͡z d͡ʐ d͡ʑ
Fricative voiceless (f) s (ʂ) ɕ x χ (h)
voiced v z (ʐ) ʑ ɣ ʁ
vl. lateral ɬ
vd. lateral ɮ
Lateral l
Sonorant w r j

Rhotic consonant

/r/ has four allophones as either retroflex voiceless [ʂ] or voiced [ʐ] fricatives, as a trill [r], or as a result of vowel rhotacization [V˞]. It is heard as [ʂ] when preceding or following voiceless consonants or also as a word-final coda. It is heard as [ʐ] when in free variation in initial position or when preceding or following voiced consonants. The occurrence of it as a trill [r] is heard word-medially when after a vowel and before a consonant, but is for the most part less predictable in that it overlaps in distribution with [ʂ] and especially [ʐ]. When words with /r/ are heard in isolation, the sound is heard as [ʐ], but then it becomes a trill [r] when in word context or within compounds. [r] also alternates with [ʂ] when it is in context word-final position. The rhotacization of vowels [V˞] occurs on the preceding vowel before /r/ in word-final position, however it can also be heard word-medially when before a lateral approximant /l/. The rhotacization is attested on the vowels /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/ and /ɑ/.[13]


Vowels


Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ
Open æ ɑ

Vocabulary


The following comparative table of Horpa diagnostic vocabulary items is from Sun (2018:4).[9] The Central Horpa (Rta’u) data is from Niwan Village, Dgebshes Township, Rta’u County (Daofu County), Sichuan. The Rgyalrongic languages Khroskyabs and Rgyalrong are also provided for comparison, since Horpa is one of the Rgyalrongic languages. Cognates are highlighted in bold.

GlossCentral Horpa (Rta’u 道孚)Northern Horpa (Rtsangkhog 宗科)Western Horpa (Rgyarwagshis 甲拉西)Eastern Horpa (Dpa’bo 巴旺)Northwestern Horpa (Nyinmo)Khroskyabs (’brongrdzong)Rgyalrong (Tshobdun)
sunɣbəʁɟə̀ɣbə̀ʁʷbəɣbəɣnəʔ ~ ʁbjətɐ́-ŋɐ
waterɣrəgrə̀ɣrə̀wrəɣrəɣdətə-ciʔ
personvdzivdzìvdzìvdzi-smevdzivɟoʔkə-rnbjoʔ
mouthɣmúɬóʁmojaqʰotə-ɣmor
heartzjarzɟwàʶjzò-rdázdzʌrzʒarsjartə-sni
liversʰisʰə̀sʰə̀sʰisifseʔtə-mtsʰi
meatbjoŋnoŋbdʒànóntʰúmdʒʌnopcenetʰəmʔʃe
horserɣirjírjirjibreʔⁿbri
chickenɣraχsó-vjá ?wə-rjaɣə́-rapa-kuʔpɣe
yellowrȵə-rȵəʁrɲə̀ʶrȵə̀-rȵə́rɲərɲəʁrɲəɣkə-qɐ-rŋɛʔ
bittersȵa-sȵasɲáʶsɲàsɲæsɲatʃʰaχkə-qjev
eatⁿgədzə́dzə́dziⁿgə ~ tsədzeʔⁿdze
illŋoŋòŋúŋwaŋoⁿgenⁿgiʔ
sleeprgəⁿjáp ~ rgə́rgə́rgərgəjəvrⁿgu
oneroréɣrawrəɣrʌɣcet
tenzʁazʁàʶzʁòzʁazʁasɣə(t)sqeʔ

Jacques et al. (2017)[6] list the following words as lexical innovations shared by Stau and Khroskyabs (Lavrung), but not by the Core rGyalrong languages.

GlossStauKhroskyabsJaphug
heartzjarsjɑ̂rtɯ-sni
smokemkʰəmkʰə́tɤ-kʰɯ
be bigcʰecʰæ̂wxti
breadləkʰilækʰíqajɣi
writingtɕədədʑədə́tɤscoz
windχpərjuχpə̂rjuqale
skintɕədʑadʑədʑɑ̂tɯ-ndʐi
waterɣrəjdə̂tɯ-ci
experiencezdarzdɑ̂rrɲo
general classifierə-lɞə̂-lotɯ-rdoʁ
human classifiera-ʁiə̂-ʁæitɯ-rdoʁ
exist (animate)ci/ɟiɟêtu
exist (be put on)stʰəstîtu

Grammar


Shangzhai Horpa (Puxi Shangzhai) is a dialect of the Horpa language noted by a single consistently non-syllabic causative prefix "s-", which exerts pressure on the already elaborate onset system and triggers multiple phonological adjustments (Sun 2007).[14] Gexi Horpa language not only has split verbal agreement system like rGyalrong but also has a hybrid system involving a more intricate interplay of functional and syntactic factors (Sun 2013).[8] The verbs in the rGylarongic family are marked for person and agreement, and Horpa language also has subtype of hierarchical agreement.

Stau is often used as an alternative name for Horpa, but in fact Stau is just one of several Horpa languages (Jacques et al. 2014).[15] The Stau language is primarily spoken in Daofu County of Ganzi Prefecture, but is also spoken in the southeastern corner of Luhuo County and in the village of Dangling of western Danba County. Currently Jesse P. Gates is writing a comprehensive grammar of the Stau language (Gates to appear). Other articles on aspects of Stau grammar include Gates (2017),[16] Gates & Kim (2018),[17] Gates et al. (2019),[18] and Gates et al. (2022).[19]

Stau (Horpa) language follows some traits of the Tibetan language (Bradley 2012).[20] As a Qiangic language, Horpa has unique verb inflection and morphology such as the strategy of inverting the aspiration feature in the formation of the past and progressive stem(s) (Sun 2000).[3]


Examples


Verb agreement The Horpa verb agrees with its subject. For example, zbəcʰa-i [zbəcʰe], means ‘you beat’, and zbəcʰa-u [zbəcʰo], means, 'I beat’.[21]


References


  1. Horpa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    sTodsde (Shangzhai) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. "Horpa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  3. Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Stem Alternations in Puxi Verb Inflection: Toward Validating the rGyalrongic Subgroup in Qiangic" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 1 (2): 211–232.
  4. "Chinese: 甘孜州丹巴县大桑区尔龚" "Tibetan-Burman Phonology and Lexicon" Writing Group (1991). Zàng Miǎn yǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì 藏缅语语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in Chinese). Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. p. 211.
  5. Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau རྟའུ (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
  6. Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Nima, Lobsang; Lai, Yunfan (2017). "Stau (Ergong, Horpa)". In Thurgood, G.; LaPolla, R. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 597–613. Archived from the original on 2020-08-28.
  7. Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (2013). Bā Jiāng liúyù de Zàng Miǎn yǔ 八江流域的藏缅语 [Tibeto-Burman Languages of Eight Watersheds] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
  8. Sun, Jackson T.-S.; Tian, Qianzi (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 203–223. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000120.
  9. Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2018). "The Ancestry of Horpa: Further Morphological Evidence". Taipei: Academia Sinica.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. Gates, Jesse (2010). On the Edge with Erkai: A Preliminary Investigation of Erkai’s Place in Western rGyalrongic. Presentation at the 43rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 43), 15 Oct 2010, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
  11. Gates, Jesse P. (2012). Situ in Situ: Towards a Dialectology of Jiāróng (rGyalrong) (M.A. thesis). Trinity Western University.
  12. Van Way, John (2018). The Phonetics and Phonology of Nyagrong Minyag, an Endangered Language of Western China (PhD thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. hdl:10125/62509.
  13. Vanderveen, A. Chantel (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University.
  14. Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2007). "Morphological Causative Formation in Shangzhai Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2 (1): 211–232. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000031.
  15. Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Lai, Yunfan; Nima, Lobsang (2014). "Person Marking in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 13 (1): 82–92. doi:10.5070/H913224068.
  16. Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
  17. Gates, Jesse P.; Kim, Won Ho (2018). "Vowel Harmony in Stau". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1075/ltba.17016.gat.
  18. Gates, Jesse P.; Tub.bstan Nyi.ma; Tshe.ring Rgyal.mtsan (2019). "Tibetan Dining Etiquette: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of a Normative Discourse Text in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 18 (2): 73–81. doi:10.5070/H918242739.
  19. Gates, Jesse P.; Honkasalo, Sami; Lai, Yunfan (2022). "From Transitive to Intransitive and Voiceless to Voiced in Proto-Sino-Tibetan: New Evidence from Stau, Geshiza, and Khroskyabs". Language and Linguistics. 23 (2): 212–239. doi:10.1075/lali.00104.gat.
  20. Bradley, David (2012). "Tibeto-Burman Languages of China" via Academia.edu.
  21. Sun, Jackson T. (2013). "Horpa Language in Xichuan Province [川西霍爾語格西話動詞對協初探]". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics.



На других языках


- [en] Horpa language

[fr] Horpa

Le horpa (autres appellations : hor, horsok, ergong, danba, jiarong occidental, pawang, bawang, rtau, stau) est un groupe d'au moins trois langues[2] parlées dans le Sichuan en Chine par la minorité tibétaine des Horpas[3] dont certains se sont installés dans la province de Hor[4], dans le Kham, au Tibet oriental.



Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии