lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageSouthern Qiang is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 81,300 people along the Minjiang (Chinese: 岷江) river in Sichuan Province, China.
Qiangic Sino-Tibetan language
Southern Qiang |
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Region | Sichuan Province |
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Ethnicity | Qiang people |
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Native speakers | 81,000 (1999)[1] |
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Language family | |
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ISO 639-3 | qxs |
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Glottolog | sout2728 |
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ELP | Southern Qiang |
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Unlike its close relative Northern Qiang, Southern Qiang is a tonal language.
Southern Qiang dialects
Southern Qiang is spoken in Li County (in Taoping Chinese: 桃坪, etc.), Wenchuan County (in Longxi 龙溪, Luobozhai 萝卜寨, Miansi 绵虒, etc.), and parts of Mao County. It consists of seven dialects: Dajishan, Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, and Jiaochang, which are greatly divergent and are not mutually intelligible.
Names seen in the older literature for Southern Qiang dialects include Lofuchai (Lophuchai, Lopu Chai), Wagsod (Wa-gsod, Waszu),[2] and Outside/Outer Mantse (Man-tzŭ).[3] The Southern Qiang dialect of Puxi Township has been documented in detail by Huang (2007).[4]
Liu (1998) adds Sānlóng (Chinese: 三龍) and Jiàocháng (較場) as Southern subdialects.[5]
Sims (2016)[6] characterizes Southern Qiang as the perfective agreement suffixes innovation group. Individual dialects are highlighted in italics.
- Southern Qiang
- 'inward' *ji innovation subgroup
- North Wenchuan: Longxi 龙溪乡
- South Wenchuan: Miansi 绵虒镇
- 'downward' *ɚ innovation subgroup
- Western Lixian: Puxi 蒲溪乡, Xuecheng 薛城镇, Muka 木卡乡, Jiuzi 九子村
- Eastern Lixian: Taoping 桃坪乡, Tonghua 通化乡
Phonology
The consonants of Southern Qiang are presented in the table below:[7]
Southern Qiang consonants
|
Labial |
Dental |
Retroflex |
Palato- alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Stop |
voiceless |
p |
t |
|
|
|
k |
q |
aspirated |
pʰ |
tʰ |
|
|
|
kʰ |
qʰ |
voiced |
b |
d |
|
|
|
ɡ |
ɢ |
Affricate |
voiceless |
|
ts |
ʈʂ |
tʃ |
tɕ |
|
|
aspirated |
|
tsʰ |
ʈʂʰ |
tʃʰ |
tɕʰ |
|
|
voiced |
|
dz |
ɖʐ |
dʒ |
dʑ |
|
|
Fricative |
voiceless |
f |
s |
ʂ |
ʃ |
ɕ |
(x) |
χ |
voiced |
|
z |
ʐ |
ʒ |
ʑ |
(ɣ) |
ʁ |
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
|
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
Lateral |
|
l |
|
|
|
|
|
Semivowel |
|
|
|
|
j, ɥ |
w |
|
- /χ ʁ/ are heard as velar [x ɣ] before front vowels.
- /f/ is also heard as a bilabial [ɸ].
The vowels of Southern Qiang are presented in the table below:[7]
Southern Qiang vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i y |
|
u |
Mid |
e |
ə ə˞ |
o |
Open |
|
a |
ɑ |
Syllabic |
|
ɹ̩ |
|
- Vowels /e u/ can also be heard as [ɛ ʉ].
Southern Qiang has six tones as represented below:[8]
Southern Qiang tones
Name |
Pitch |
Symbol |
Mid or Low-falling |
33 |
˨˥ |
High |
55 |
˦ |
Low (falling) rising |
31 |
˨˩ |
Mid-rising |
241 |
˧˩ |
High-falling |
13 |
˦˥ |
Status
As with many of the Qiangic languages, Southern Qiang is becoming increasingly threatened. Because the education system largely uses Standard Chinese as a medium of instruction for the Qiang people, and as a result of the universal access to schooling and television, most Qiang children are fluent or even monolingual in Chinese while an increasing percentage cannot speak Qiang.[9]
See also
- Qiang people
- Qiangic languages
References
- Southern Qiang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- McCoy, John, ed. (1986). Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 40, 65. ISBN 90-04-07850-9.
- Sun, Jackson T.-S. (1992). "Review of Zangmianyu Yuyin He Cihui "Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon"" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 15 (2): 76–77.
- Huang, Chenglong 黄成龙 (2007). Púxī Qiāngyǔ yánjiū 蒲溪羌语研究 [Studies on Puxi Qiang] (in Chinese). Beijing shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-08977-2.
- Liu, Guangkun 刘光坤 (1998). Máwō Qiāngyǔ yánjiū 麻窝羌语研究 [Studies on Mawo Qiang] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 7-5409-2116-1.
- Sims, N. (2016). "Towards a More Comprehensive Understanding of Qiang Dialectology" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 17 (3): 351–381. doi:10.1177/1606822X15586685.
- Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (1981). Qiāngyǔ jiǎnzhì 羌语简志 (in Chinese). Minzu chubanshe.
- Evans, Jonathan P. (2001). Contact-Induced Tonogenesis in Southern Qiang. Michigan State University and Oakland University. pp. 65–67.
- LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With Annotated Texts and Glossary. with Chenglong Huan. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 5. ISBN 3-11-017829-X.
Bibliography
- Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman Languages and Classification" (PDF). In Bradley, D. (ed.). Papers in South East Asian Linguistics No. 14: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–72. ISBN 0-85883-456-1.
- Chang, Kun 張琨 (1967). "A Comparative Study of the Southern Ch'iang 蒐 Dialects". Monumenta Serica. 26 (1): 422–444. doi:10.1080/02549948.1967.11744974.
- Evans, Jonathan P. (2001a). Introduction to Qiang Lexicon and Phonology: Synchrony and Diachrony. Tokyo: ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Sino-Tibetan branches |
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
- West Himalayish
- Tamangic
- Newaric
- Kiranti
- Dhimalish
- Lepcha
| |
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |
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Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border | "Naga" |
- Ao
- Angami–Pochuri
- Meitei
- Tangkhulic
- Zeme
|
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Sal |
- Boro–Garo
- Konyak
- Jingpho–Luish
|
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|
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East and Southeast Asia | Burmo-Qiangic |
- Qiangic
- Ersuic
- Naic
- Lolo-Burmese
|
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|
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
- Hrusish
- Kho-Bwa
- Miju–Meyor
|
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Proposed groupings |
- Central Tibeto-Burman
- Kuki-Chin–Naga
- Greater Bai
- Mahakiranti
- Rung
- Tibeto-Burman
- Tibeto-Kanauri
|
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Proto-languages |
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman
- Proto-Loloish
- Proto-Karenic
- Proto-Min
|
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Na-Qiangic languages |
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Naic | |
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Ersuic | |
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Qiangic | Qiang | |
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Gyalrongic | |
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Chamdo | |
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Choyo | |
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Muya | |
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Pumi | |
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Zhaba | |
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|
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Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages. |
Languages of China |
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Official | |
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Regional | ARs / SARs | |
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Prefecture | |
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Counties/Banners | numerous |
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Indigenous | Sino-Tibetan languages |
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Lolo- Burmese | Mondzish | |
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Burmish | |
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Loloish | Hanoish | |
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Lisoish | |
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Nisoish | |
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Other | |
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Qiangic | |
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Tibetic | |
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Other | |
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| Other languages |
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Austroasiatic | |
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Hmong-Mien | |
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Mongolic | |
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Kra-Dai | |
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Tungusic | |
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Turkic | |
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Other |
- Sarikoli (Indo-European)
- Tsat (Austronesian)
- Formosan languages (Austronesian)
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Minority | |
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Varieties of Chinese | |
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Creole/Mixed | |
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Extinct | |
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Sign | |
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- GX = Guangxi
- HK = Hong Kong
- MC = Macau
- NM = Inner Mongolia
- XJ = Xinjiang
- XZ = Tibet
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На других языках
- [en] Southern Qiang language
[fr] Qiang du Sud
Le qiang du Sud est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée dans la province de Sichuan en Chine.
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