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The Xong language (Dut Xonb [tu53 ɕõ35])[2] is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu (湘西苗语, "Western Hunan Miao") in Chinese. In Western sources, it has been called Eastern Miao, Meo, Red Miao and North Hmongic. An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

For the Western Pearic language of Cambodia and Thailand, see Chong language. For the Limbu of Nepal, who are also called Xong, see Limbu people.
Xong
Xiangxi Miao
Xonb
Pronunciation[ɕõ˧˥]
Native toChina
RegionHunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi and Chongqing
EthnicityQo Xiong
Native speakers
~900,000 (2005)[1]
Language family
Hmong–Mien
  • Hmongic
    • Core Hmongic
      • Xong
Dialects
  • Western (Xong proper)
  • Eastern (Suang)
Writing system
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
mmr – Western Xiangxi Miao
muq – Eastern Xiangxi Miao
Glottolognort2748

Distribution


Xong is spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in a few areas of Guizhou and Hubei provinces, the Guangxi autonomous region and Chongqing municipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are,[3]


Classification


Xong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker (1987). Xiang (1999)[3] divided Xong into western and eastern dialects. Matisoff (2001) considered these to be two distinct languages, but Matisoff (2006) consolidated them into one. Yang (2004)[5] divides each of these dialects into three subdialects, as listed below. Speaker populations and locations are from Li and Li (2012).[6]

He Fuling (2009) describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village, Ala Township, Fenghuang County (凤凰县阿拉镇勾良苗寨).

Chen (2009)[7] describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town 大兴镇, Songtao County, Guizhou.


Phonology and script


A written standard based on the Western dialect in Làyǐpíng village and Jíwèi town, Huāyuán county, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1956.

Xong Consonant Phonemes
Labial Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal		 Velar Uvular Glottal
plain pal. app. plain pal. aff. plain aff. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal voiced m mʲ mʴ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
aspirated m̥ʰ n̥ʰ
Stop/
Affricate		 voiceless p pʲ pʴ t ts ʈ c tɕ k kʷ q qʷ
aspirated pʰ pʲʰ pʴʰ tʰ tsʰ ʈʰ cʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰ
prenasal ᵐp ⁿt ⁿts ᶯʈ ᶮc ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᵑkʷ ᶰq ᶰqʷ
prenasal asp. ᵐpʰ ᵐpʴʰ ⁿtʰ ⁿtsʰ ᶯʈʰ ᶮcʰ ᶮtɕʰ ᵑkʰ ᵑkʷʰ ᶰqʰ ᶰqʷʰ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ h hʷ
voiced ʐ ʑ
Approximant voiced w l lʲ
aspirated l̥ʰ l̥ʲʰ
Xong Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid e ɤ o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ɑ
Xong Consonant Orthography
p⟨b⟩pʰ⟨p⟩ᵐp⟨nb⟩mpʰ⟨np⟩m⟨m⟩m̥ʰ⟨hm⟩
pʴ⟨bl⟩pɹʰ⟨pl⟩mpɹʰ⟨npl⟩mʴ⟨ml⟩
t⟨d⟩tʰ⟨t⟩ⁿt⟨nd⟩ntʰ⟨nt⟩l̥ʰ⟨hl⟩n⟨n⟩n̥ʰ⟨hn⟩
ts⟨z⟩tsʰ⟨c⟩ⁿts⟨nz⟩ntsʰ⟨nc⟩s⟨s⟩ f ⟨f⟩
tɕ ⟨j⟩tɕʰ⟨q⟩ᶮtɕ⟨nj⟩ntɕʰ⟨nq⟩ɕ⟨x⟩ʑ⟨y⟩
ʈ⟨zh⟩ʈʰ⟨ch⟩ᶯʈ⟨nzh⟩ɳʈʰ⟨nch⟩ʂ⟨sh⟩ʐ⟨r⟩ɳ⟨nh⟩
k⟨g⟩kʰ⟨k⟩ᵑk⟨ngg⟩ŋkʰ⟨nk⟩
q⟨gh⟩qʰ⟨kh⟩ᶰq⟨ngh⟩ɴqʰ⟨nkh⟩
w⟨w⟩h⟨h⟩

[dubious – discuss]

Xong Vowel Orthography
i⟨i⟩u ⟨u⟩
iu⟨iu⟩
ɑ⟨a⟩iɑ⟨ia⟩uɑ⟨ua⟩
o⟨o⟩io⟨io⟩
e⟨e⟩ie⟨ie⟩ue⟨ue⟩
ei⟨ei⟩uei⟨ui⟩
a⟨ea⟩ia⟨iea⟩ua⟨uea⟩
ɔ⟨ao⟩iɔ⟨iao⟩
ɤ⟨eu⟩iɤ⟨ieu⟩uɤ⟨ueu⟩
ɯ⟨ou⟩iɯ⟨iou⟩uɯ⟨uou⟩
ɛ⟨an⟩iɛ⟨ian⟩uɛ⟨uan⟩
en⟨en⟩ien⟨in⟩uen⟨un⟩
ɑŋ⟨ang⟩iɑŋ⟨iang⟩uɑŋ⟨uang⟩
oŋ⟨ong⟩ioŋ⟨iong⟩
Tones
ToneIPALetter
high rising, 45˦˥⟨b⟩
low falling, 21˨˩⟨x⟩
high, 4˦⟨d⟩
low, 2˨⟨l⟩
high falling, 53˥˧⟨t⟩
falling, 42˦˨⟨s⟩

References


  1. Western Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Eastern Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Sposato, Adam (2015). A Grammar of Xong (PhD thesis). University at Buffalo.
  3. Xiang, Rizheng 向日征 (1999). Jíwèi Miáoyǔ yánjiū 吉卫苗语硏究 [A Study of Jiwei Miao] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.
  4. Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui [Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee] (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì 广西民族语言方音词汇 [Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  5. Yang, Zaibiao 杨再彪 (2004). Miáoyǔ dōngbù fāngyán tǔyǔ bǐjiào 苗语东部方言土语比较 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  6. Li, Jinping 李锦平; Li, Tianyi 李天翼 (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū 苗语方言比较研究 [A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
  7. Chen, Hong 陈宏 (2009). Guìzhōu Sōngtáo Dàxīngzhèn Miáoyǔ yánjiū 贵州松桃大兴镇苗语研究 (Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Nankai daxue.

Further reading




Standard Xong test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

На других языках

- [en] Xong language

[fr] Miao du Xiangxi occidental

Le miao du Xiangxi occidental (ou qo xiong, hmong rouge, autonyme dut xongb[1]) est une langue hmong-mien parlée dans le Hunan, le Guizhou, le Guangxi et le Hubei en Chine, par environ 820 000 Hmongs.

[ru] Сянси-мяо

Сянси-мяо (Eastern Miao, Eastern Ghao-Xong, Eastern West-Hunan Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao) — диалектный континуум языков мяо-яо, распространённый в Китае.


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