lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

The Kadu languages, also known as Kadugli–Krongo or Tumtum, are a small language family of the Kordofanian geographic grouping, once included in Niger–Congo. However, since Thilo Schadeberg (1981), Kadu is widely seen as Nilo-Saharan. Evidence for a Niger-Congo affiliation is rejected, and a Nilo-Saharan relationship is controversial. A conservative classification would treat the Kadu languages as an independent family.[1]

Kadu
Tumtum Kadugli–Krongo
Geographic distribution	Nuba Mountains, Sudan
Linguistic classification	Nilo-Saharan? Eastern Sudanic – Kadu ? Kadu
Subdivisions	Western Central Eastern
Glottolog	kadu1256

Classification

Blench (2006) notes that Kadu languages share similarities with multiple African language phyla, including Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan, suggesting a complex history of linguistic convergence and contact.[2] However, more recently, Blench states that Kadu is almost certainly Nilo-Saharan, with its closest relationship being with Eastern Sudanic.[3][4]

Like the Nilotic, Surmic, and Kuliak, Kadu languages have verb-initial word order. However, most other languages of the Nuba Mountains, Darfur, and the Sudan-Ethiopia border region have verb-final word order.[5]

Branches

There are three branches:

• Western: Tulishi, Keiga, Kanga
• Central: Kadugli (incl. Miri, Katcha)
• Eastern: Krongo, Tumtum

Classification

Hall & Hall (2004),[6] based on Schadeberg (1987),[7] classify the languages as follows.

Kadu	Keiga         Kamda, Tulishi         Damba, Kadugli     Miri     Katcha, Tuna         Kanga, Kufa, Kursi, Lima, Shororo     Krongo-Abdullah, Tumma             Krongo-Tabanya     Kurondi, Talasa, Tumtum

Dafalla (2000) compares 179 cognates in Kadugli, Kamda, Kanga, Katcha, Keiga, Kufa, Miri, Shororo-Kursi, and Tulishi. Dafalla's (2000) results are similarly to those of Schadeberg (1989).

Reconstructions

Some Kadu quasi-reconstructions by Blench (2006):[8]

Gloss	Proto-Kadu
bone	**-kub-
to cut, split	**deŋ-
to dance, sing, play	**bila
give	**-ɲa
head	**-tu
rat, mouse	**-fɛ
five	**turu

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary for Kadu languages:[9]

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[10]

Language	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Katcha (1)	ŋkɔ́tɔ́	ɛɛɾa	íd̪ɔːna	iɡiiso	it id̪úmú	it id̪úmú úfúń ŋkɔ́tɔ́	it id̪úmú úfúń ɛɛɾa	it id̪úmú úfúń íd̪ɔːna	it id̪úmú úfúń iɡiiso	ad̪aɓaaɡa
Kadugli (Talla dialect) (2)	ŋ́ɡɔ̀ʈɔ̀k / 'ŋ́ɡàʈɔ̀k	ɛ́ːrà	ɔ̀'dɔ́ːnà	í'ɡízò	ù'dúmːù	ǹ̩dɪ̀nà'nɔ́ːɡɔ̀	ʈìˈmízò	ùdúmːúˈdɪ̀stà	ìˈzántà	ɔ̀ˈlɔ́ːnà
Keiga	t̪ɔ́l	arʲáŋ	t̪ɔ̀na	kisːo	t̪ʊ́mʊ	t̪ʊmaɲúŋɡʊ	aŋɗʊ́rkà	abːa	t̪aɲuŋɡaʲ	amdí
Krongo	t-yuŋwa	t-yáaryà	t-yóotòonò	t-yóocìisò	àrwá-tì-nìisò (litː 'hit/beat-SGT-hand')	àttì kí-tì nyúŋwá	àttì kí-tì nyáaryà	àttì kí-tì nyóotòonò	àttì kí-tì nyóocìisò	àttì kí-tì n-árwá-tì-nìiso
Tulishi (Kamda dialect)	kɔ̀ʈːɔ̀k	kɑ̀ːrɑ́ʔ	tɔ́ːnɑ̀ʔ	tíːsòʔ	tʊ̀mːʊ̀ʔ	rɔ̀sːɑ̀ʔ	kɔ́rɖɑ́ʈːɑ̀ʔ	ɑ̀ʈːɑ́ʔ	kɔ́rómɑ́dɔ̀ɓːɑ́	tɔ̀ɓːɑ́ʔ

See also

• Kadu word lists (Wiktionary)

Further reading

• Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History, and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101-127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
• Blench, Roger (2019). "Shabo and Kadu: Two Orphan Branches of Nilo-Saharan". 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
• Stevenson, Roland; Roger Blench (ed). Comparative Kadu Datasheets.
• Reh, Mechthild. 1983. Die Krongo-Sprache (nììnò mó-dì): Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
• Schadeberg, Thilo. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 40:11-48. University of Cologne.

Notes and references

• Dafalla, Rihab Yahia. 2000. A Phonological Comparison of the Katcha Kadugli Language Groups in the Nuba Mountains. M.A. Dissertation, University of Khartoum.
• Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. "The Classification of the Kadugli Language Group". Nilo-Saharan, ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. Lionel Bender, pp. 291–305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.

На других языках

---

- [en] Kadu languages

---

[es] Lenguas kadu

Las lenguas kadu o kadugli-krongo es una pequeña familia de lenguas tradicionalmente incluidas entre las lenguas kordofanas, pero desde el trabajo de Thilo Schadeberg (1981) ampliamente situadas entre las lenguas nilo-saharianas. Sin embargo, a pesar de la aceptación de Schadeberg existe poca evidencia y otros autores tratan a la familia kadu como una familia independiente.[1]

---

[fr] Langues kadougliennes

Les langues kadougliennes[1], aussi appelées kadu, kado[2], kadugli[3] ou krongo-kadugli, sont une famille de langues parlées par environ 120 000 personnes dans le Sud-Ouest du Kordofan méridional, au Soudan.

---

[ru] Языки каду

Языки каду, или языки кронго-кадугли[2] или языки тумтум, — семья в составе нило-сахарских языков, ранее включалась в нигеро-конголезскую макросемью. Делится на три группы:

---

---