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Saanich (also Sənčáθən, written as SENĆOŦEN in Saanich orthography and pronounced [sənˈt͡ʃɑs̪ən]) is the language of the First Nations Saanich people in the Pacific Northwest region of northwestern North America. Saanich is a Coast Salishan language in the Northern Straits dialect continuum, the varieties of which are closely related to the Klallam language.
| Saanich | |
|---|---|
| SENĆOŦEN Sənčáθən | |
| Native to | Canada, United States |
| Region | British Columbia, Washington |
Native speakers | ca. 5 (2014)[1] |
Language family | Salishan
|
Writing system | SENĆOŦEN Sometimes NAPA |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Pauquachin Tsawout Tsartlip Tseycum |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | saan1246 |
Language revitalization efforts
"The W̱SÁNEĆ School Board, together with the FirstVoices program for revitalizing Aboriginal languages, is working to teach a new generation to speak SENĆOŦEN" at the ȽÁU, WELṈEW̱ Tribal School.[2][3]
SENĆOŦEN texting, mobile app and portal
A Saanich texting app was released in 2012.[4] A SENĆOŦEN iPhone app was released in October 2011.[5] An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal is available at the First Voices SENĆOŦEN Community Portal.[6]
Phonology
Vowels
Saanich has no rounded vowels in native vocabulary. As in many languages, vowels are strongly affected by post-velar consonants.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i[lower-alpha 1] | u[lower-alpha 2] | |
| Mid | e[lower-alpha 3] | ə[lower-alpha 4] | |
| Low | ɑ[lower-alpha 5] |
- /i/ is [ɪ] adjacent to a post-velar or labio-postvelar consonant, or preceding /ʔ/.
- The rounded close high back vowel /u/ is found only in loanwords, such as CEPU (/kəˈpu/) "coat", from French[which?].
- /e/ is [e̽]—rarely as low as [ɛ]—adjacent to a post-velar or labio-postvelar consonant or preceding /ʔ/. It is closer—almost [i]—next to a lateral, post-alveolar, or /w/.
- /ə/ is generally mid central, but becomes [ɑ̽] adjacent to a postvelar or labio-postvelar, or a laryngeal obstruent, and especially between two such consonants, whether or not it is stressed. When unstressed, it is a close central [ɨ] following post-alveolars and before sonorants (including /ŋ/), and it is central rounded [ʉ] before the labialized obstruents.
- /ɑ/ is [ɐ] before /j/. It is also affected[clarification needed] by post-velars and /ʔ/.
Consonants
The following table includes all the sounds found in the North Straits dialects. No one dialect includes them all. Plosives are not aspirated, but are not voiced either. Ejectives have weak glottalization.
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Pre-velar | Post-velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | rounded | plain | rounded | ||||||
| Stop | plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | k̟[lower-alpha 1] | k̟ʷ | k̠ | k̠ʷ | ʔ | ||
| glottalized | pʼ | t̪s̪ʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | k̟ʷʼ | k̠ʼ | k̠ʷʼ | |||
| Fricative | s̪ | s | ɬ | ʃ | x̟ʷ | x̠ | x̠ʷ | h | ||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | ŋ̠ | |||||
| glottalized | mˀ[lower-alpha 2] | nˀ[lower-alpha 2] | lˀ[lower-alpha 2] | jˀ[lower-alpha 2] | wˀ[lower-alpha 2] | ŋ̠ˀ[lower-alpha 2] | ||||||
- The unrounded prevelar stop /k̟/ is found only in loanwords, as in CEPU (/k̟əˈpu/) above.
- The phonemic status of the glottalized sonorants /mˀ nˀ ŋ̠ˀ lˀ jˀ wˀ/ is not agreed upon. Some linguists analyse them as unit phonemes, others as sequences of a plain sonorant and a glottal stop /ʔ/. They do not occur in word-initial position. They tend to [ʔC] following a stressed vowel, [Cʔ] preceding a stressed vowel, and creaky voiced sonorants elsewhere.
The dentals are often written ⟨θ⟩, ⟨tθʼ⟩, but this is inaccurate, as they are laminal sibilants, [s̻, ts̻], and are only rarely interdental. The alveolars /s, ts, tsʼ/, on the other hand, are apical, as are all alveolars, including the laterals. The post-velars are often written ⟨q⟩, ⟨χ⟩, etc., but are not actually uvular.
Stress
Saanich stress is phonemic. Each full word has one stressed syllable, either in the root or in a suffix, the position of which is lexically determined. "Secondary stress" is sometimes described, but this is merely a way of distinguishing lexical schwas (with "secondary stress", like all other vowels in a word) from epenthetic schwas ("unstressed").
Writing system
| Saanich alphabet SENĆOŦEN Sənčáθən | |
|---|---|
| Script type | Alphabet
|
Time period | 1978 to present |
| Languages | North Straits Salish language Saanich language |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | (Proto-writing)
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Latn (215), Latin |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Latin |
Unicode range | U+0000 to U+007E Basic Latin and punctuation |
The Saanich orthography was created by Dave Elliott in 1978.[7] It uses only uppercase letters, making it a unicase alphabet, with one exception: the letter s, which marks the third person possessive suffix.[8]
| A | Á | Ⱥ | B | C | Ć | Ȼ | D | E | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /e/ | /ej/ | /pʼ/ | /k̟/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /k̟ʷ/ | /tʼ/ | /ə/ | /h/ | |
| I | Í | J | K | ₭ | Ḵ | Ḱ | L | Ƚ | M |
| /i/ | /əj/, /ɑj/ | /t͡ʃʼ/ | /k̠ʼ/ | /k̠ʷʼ/ | /k̠/ | /k̠ʷ/ | /l/, /lˀ/ | /ɬ/ | /m/, /mˀ/ |
| N | Ṉ | O | P | Q | S | Ś | T | Ⱦ | Ṯ |
| /n/, /nˀ/ | /ŋ̠/, /ŋ̠ˀ/ | /ɑ/ | /p/ | /k̟ʷʼ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /t͡s̪ʼ/ | /tɬʼ/ |
| Ŧ | U | W | W̱ | X | X̱ | Y | Z | s | |
| /s̪/ | /əw/, /u/ | /w/ | /x̟ʷ/ | /x̠/ | /x̠ʷ/ | /j/, /jˀ/ | /d͡z/ | /-s/ | |
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not always indicated, but may be written with a comma: ,.
Plain and glottalized resonants are not distinguished.
The vowel /e/ is usually written Á, unless it occurs next to a post-velar consonant (/k̠ k̠ʷ k̠ʼ k̠ʷʼ x̠ x̠ʷ ŋ̠ ŋ̠ʷ/), where it is written A.
Example text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
|
Grammar
Metathesis
In Saanich, metathesis is used as a grammatical device to indicate "actual" aspect. The actual aspect is most often translated into English as a be …-ing progressive. The actual aspect is derived from the "nonactual" verb form by a CV → VC metathesis process (i.e. consonant metathesizes with vowel).
| ŦX̲ÉT 'shove' (nonactual) | → | ŦÉX̲T 'shoving' (actual) |
| ṮPÉX̲ 'scatter' (nonactual) | → | ṮÉPX̲ 'scattering' (actual) |
| ȾȽÉQ 'pinch' (nonactual) | → | ȾÉȽQ 'pinching' (actual) |
 | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008) |
References
- There were 6 speakers of North Straits Salish in 8 of the 10 communities in 2014, and 3 speakers of the only other surviving dialect in 2011.
- "Daily Fact #9: There are over 50 First Nations languages in Canada". Miss Teen Southern British Columbia. Archived from the original on 2017-11-27. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
- "ȽÁU, WELṈEW̱ Tribal School". Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- Renee Lewis (2012-08-02). "Indigenous tap new app to save old languages". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
- "FirstVoices Apps". FirstVoices. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
- "FirstVoices: SENĆOŦEN Community Portal". Retrieved 2012-10-04.
- Dave Elliott and the SENÇOÎEN Alphabet
- Saanich Language,"How to pronounce SENĆOŦEN", Retrieved 2021-08-27.
Bibliography
- Bill, Adriane; Cayou, Roxanne; & Jim, Jacquelin. (2003). NEȾE NEḰȺ SḴELÁLṈEW̲ [One Green Tree]. Victoria, B.C.: First Peoples’ Cultural Foundation & ȽÁU,WELṈEW̲ Tribal School. ISBN 1-4120-0626-0.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Montler, Timothy. (1986). An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish. Occasional Papers in Linguistics (No. 4). Missoula, MT: University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory. (Web version of the author's PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii).
- Montler, Timothy. (1996). Languages and Dialects in Straits Salishan. Proceedings of the International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, 31, 249–256.
- Montler, Timothy. (1999). Language and Dialect Variation in Straits Salishan. Anthropological Linguistics, 41 (4), 462–502.
- Montler, Timothy. (2018). SENĆOŦEN: A Dictionary of the Saanich Language. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Thompson, Laurence; Thompson, M. Terry; & Efrat, Barbara. (1974). Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics, 40, 182–196.
- YELḰÁTȾE [Claxton, Earl, Sr.]; & STOLȻEȽ [Elliot, John, Sr.]. (1994). Reef Net Technology of the Saltwater People. Brentwood Bay, B.C.: Saanich Indian School Board.
External links
- How to pronounce SENĆOŦEN
- An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish (1986) (Timothy Montler's site)
- https://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/saanich-verbs/
- Saanich Classified Word List (1991) (Timothy Montler's site)
- SENĆOŦEN (Saanich, Northern Straits Salish) (Chris Harvey's Native Language, Font & Keyboard)
- Saanich Indian School Board
- SENĆOŦEN Welcome page (First Voices)
На других языках
- [en] Saanich dialect
[es] Saanich
El saanich (escrito en saanich como SENĆOŦEN, pronunciado [sənˈt͡ʃaθən]) es la lengua común de los saanich, que forman parte de las llamadas Naciones Originarias de Canadá. Es un miembro del continuo dialectal Estrechos del Norte (una de las lenguas salishanas costeras) que está estrechamente relacionado con el idioma klallam.[fr] Saanich (langue)
Le saanich ou SENĆOŦEN (en saanich, aussi transcrit sənčaθən) est un dialecte du salish des détroits, langue amérindienne de la famille des langues salish parlée aux États-Unis, dans l'État de Washington et au Canada, en Colombie-Britannique, au Sud de l'île de Vancouver. Le dialecte et la langue sont en voie d’extinction.[ru] Саанич
Саанич (Saanich, саан. SENĆOŦEN сынчасын) — диалект языка северный стрейтс, на котором говорят индейцы Канады саанич, проживающие на северном побережье полуострова Олимпик штата Вашингтон в США, а также на островах Галф и Сан-Хуан, на юге острова Ванкувер и южном краю Лоуэр-Мейнленд штата Британская Колумбия в Канаде. Также саанич — диалектный континуум под названием северный стрейтс. Разновидности северного стрейтса тесно связаны с языком клаллам.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии