lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageAmbel (Amber), also known as Waigeo after the island where it is primarily spoken, is a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language spoken on the island of Waigeo in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. It is spoken by approximately 1,600 people. It is endangered, as the population is shifting to Papuan Malay and few people born after the year 2000 have any knowledge of the language.
Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia
Ambel |
---|
|
Native to | Indonesia |
---|
Region | Waigeo |
---|
Native speakers | c. 1600 (2018) |
---|
Language family | Austronesian
-
Malayo-Polynesian
- Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- South Halmahera–West New Guinea
|
---|
|
ISO 639-3 | wgo |
---|
Glottolog | waig1244 |
---|
|
Coordinates: 0.18°S 130.92°E / -0.18; 130.92 |
Dialects
Ambel is spoken by approximately 1,600 people on Waigeo, an island in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. There are two dialects of Ambel:[3]
- Metsam Ambel, spoken in the two villages of Warsamdin and Kalitoko on Waigeo Island
- Metnyo Ambel, spoken in the nine villages of Warimak, Waifoi, Kabilo, Go, Kapadiri, Kabare, Bonsayor, Darumbab, and Andey on Waigeo Island
Ambel speakers live alongside Biak speakers in the three villages of Warsamdin, Kabare, and Andey.[4]
Distribution
Ambel is spoken in the following locations within Raja Ampat Regency:[5]
- Waigeo Utara District: Kabare and Kapadiri villages.
- Teluk Manyalibit District: Kabilol, Go, Waifoy, Warimak, Kalitoko and Warsamdin villages.
Phonology
The sounds of the Ambel language are as follows:
Consonant sounds
|
Labial |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Plosive |
p b |
t̪ d |
|
k g |
Fricative |
|
s |
|
h |
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
|
Rhotic |
|
r |
|
|
Lateral |
|
l |
|
|
Glide |
|
|
j |
w |
/h/ can be heard as [f] or [ɸ] in free variation.
Vowel sounds
|
Front |
Back |
Close |
i |
u |
Mid |
e |
o |
Open |
a |
Proto-language
Arnold (2018) reconstructs two tonemes for proto-Ambel, high /3/ and rising /12/, which is similar to the tonal system of Ma'ya.[7]
Below are some monosyllabic proto-Ambel reconstructed lexical forms that have cognates with Matbat and Ma'ya. The Misool dialect is given for some Ma'ya forms.[7]
gloss | Proto-Ambel | Matbat | Ma'ya |
‘betel leaf’ | *nyan | na¹n | ˈnya¹²n |
‘breast’ | – | su³ | ˈsu³s |
‘canoe’ | *wan | wa³ŋ | ˈwa¹²k |
‘come’ | – | bo³t | ˈbo³t |
‘die’ | *mna³t | ma¹²t | ˈma¹²t |
‘eight’ | *wa³l | -wa³l | ˈwa³l |
‘enter’ | *sun | hu³ŋ | ˈsu³n |
‘fire’ | *lap | ya³p | ˈla¹²p |
‘fish’ | *dun | – | ˈdo³n |
‘five’ | *lim | li³m | ˈli³m |
‘four’ | *fa³t | fa³t | ˈfa¹²t |
‘full’ | *fon | fo³n | ˈfo¹²n |
‘give’ | *bi | be²¹ | ˈbe (Misool) |
‘good’ | *fi | fi³ | ˈfi³ |
‘green/blue’ | *bya³w | bla¹²w | – |
‘ground, earth’ | *ba³t | ba³t | ˈba¹²t |
‘hear’ | – | no⁴¹ŋ | ˈdo¹²n |
‘kill’ | *bun | bu³n | ˈbu³n |
‘know’ | *un | -u²¹n | -ˈun (Misool) |
‘louse’ | *o¹²wt | wu³t | ˈu³t |
‘man’ | *ma³n | (wa³y)ma²¹n | ˈma¹²n (Misool) |
‘mother’ | *ne³n | ne³n | ˈne¹²n |
‘mountain’ | *i³l | he³l | ˈye³l |
‘mouth’ | – | ga²¹l | ˈgal |
‘much’ | – | to¹² | ˈmo¹²t |
‘needle’ | *yam | la¹m | – |
‘night’ | *gam | ka¹m | – |
‘person’ | *me³t | ma³t | ˈmat |
‘rice’ | *fa | fa³s | ˈfa¹²s |
‘rise, | *sa | ascend’ | ha³ ˈsa³ |
‘sago’ | *bi¹² | – | ˈbi³ |
‘sand’ | *layn | ye³n | ˈle¹²n |
‘sea | *fi³n | turtle’ | fe³n ˈfe³n |
‘seawards’ | – | lo³l | ˈlo³l |
‘see’ | *e³m | -ɛ³ŋ | -ˈe¹²m |
‘shoot’ | – | -a¹n | ˈfa¹²n |
‘snake’ | *kok | ko³k | ˈko¹²k |
‘swim’ | *la³ | la³s | -ˈa¹²s (Misool) |
‘three’ | *tu³l | to³l | ˈto³l |
‘tree, | *a³y | wood’ | ha³y ˈai |
‘two’ | *lu | lu³ | ˈlu³ |
‘village’ | *nu 'house' | nu³ | ˈpnu³ |
‘walk’ | *ta³n | – | ˈdak (Misool) |
‘white’ | *bus | bu³ | ˈbu³s |
‘woman’ | *bin | (wa¹t)bi³n ‘kind of mangrove’ | ˈpi³n |
References
Bibliography
- Arnold, Laura (2016). Lexical tone in Ambel. Paper presented at the 8th Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link)
- Arnold, Laura Melissa (2018). Grammar of Ambel, an Austronesian language of Raja Ampat, west New Guinea (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/31120.
- Arnold, Laura (2018b). "Lexical Tone in Metnyo Ambel". Oceanic Linguistics. 57 (1): 199–220. doi:10.1353/ol.2018.0007.
External links
Languages of Indonesia |
---|
Western languages |
---|
Malayo-Sumbawan | |
---|
Javanese | |
---|
Celebic | |
---|
Lampungic | |
---|
Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands | |
---|
South Sulawesi | |
---|
Barito | |
---|
Kayan–Murik | |
---|
Land Dayak | |
---|
North Bornean | |
---|
Philippine languages | Central Philippine | |
---|
Gorontalo-Mongondow | |
---|
Minahasan | |
---|
Sangiric | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
Central-Eastern languages |
---|
Aru | |
---|
Central Maluku | |
---|
Flores–Lembata | |
---|
Halmahera- Cenderawasih | |
---|
Kei-Tanimbar | |
---|
Selaru | |
---|
Sumba–Flores | |
---|
Timor–Babar | |
---|
Western Oceanic | |
---|
|
|
Papuan languages |
---|
North Halmahera | |
---|
Timor–Alor–Pantar | |
---|
Asmat–Mombum | |
---|
West Bird's Head | |
---|
South Bird's Head | |
---|
East Bird's Head | |
---|
West Bomberai | |
---|
Dani | |
---|
Paniai Lakes | |
---|
Digul River | |
---|
Foja Range | |
---|
Lakes Plain | |
---|
East Cenderawasih Bay | |
---|
Yawa | |
---|
Demta–Sentani | |
---|
Ok | |
---|
Momuna–Mek | |
---|
Skou | |
---|
South Pauwasi | |
---|
East Pauwasi | |
---|
West Pauwasi | |
---|
Kaure–Kosare | |
---|
Marind–Yaqai | |
---|
Bulaka River | |
---|
Kayagar | |
---|
Border | |
---|
Senagi | |
---|
Mairasi | |
---|
Kolopom | |
---|
Yam | |
---|
Lower Mamberamo | |
---|
Others | |
---|
|
|
Other languages |
---|
Creoles and Pidgins |
Other creoles and pidgins | |
---|
|
---|
Immigrant languages | Chinese | |
---|
European | |
---|
Indian | |
---|
Middle Eastern | |
---|
Others | |
---|
|
---|
Sign languages | |
---|
|
|
Halmahera–Cenderawasih languages |
---|
Cenderawasih | |
---|
Halmahera Sea | |
---|
Other | |
---|
Austronesian languages |
---|
Formosan languages |
---|
Rukaic | |
---|
Tsouic | |
---|
Northern | Atayalic | |
---|
Northwest Formosan | |
---|
|
---|
East | |
---|
Southern ? | |
---|
|
|
Malayo–Polynesian |
---|
Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian |
---|
Philippine (linkage) ? | Batanic | |
---|
Northern Luzon | | Cagayan Valley | |
---|
Northeastern Luzon | |
---|
Meso-Cordilleran | |
---|
|
---|
Central Luzon | |
---|
Northern Mindoro | |
---|
Greater Central Philippine * | Southern Mindoro | |
---|
Central Philippine | | Bisayan | West | |
---|
Asi | |
---|
Central | |
---|
Cebuan | |
---|
South | |
---|
|
|
---|
Bikol | |
---|
|
---|
Mansakan | |
---|
Palawan | |
---|
Mindanao | |
---|
Gorontalo– Mongondow | |
---|
|
---|
Kalamian | |
---|
Bilic | |
---|
Sangiric | |
---|
Minahasan | |
---|
Manide–Inagta * | |
---|
|
|
---|
Greater Barito * | |
---|
Greater North Borneo * | North Borneo * | Northeast Sabah * | |
---|
Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | Bisaya–Lotud | |
---|
Dusunic | |
---|
Paitanic | |
---|
|
---|
Greater Murutic * | |
---|
|
---|
North Sarawak * | |
---|
|
---|
Central Sarawak | |
---|
Kayanic | |
---|
Land Dayak | |
---|
Malayo–Chamic * | |
---|
Sundanese | |
---|
Rejang ? | |
---|
Moklenic ? | |
---|
|
---|
Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
---|
|
|
---|
Lampungic | |
---|
Javanese | |
---|
Madurese | |
---|
Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
---|
Celebic | Bungku–Tolaki | |
---|
Muna–Buton | |
---|
Saluan–Banggai | |
---|
Tomini–Tolitoli | |
---|
Kaili–Wolio * | |
---|
|
---|
South Sulawesi | Bugis | |
---|
Makassaric | |
---|
Seko | |
---|
Northern | |
---|
|
|
---|
Isolates | |
---|
|
| Central Malayo-Polynesian languages |
---|
Bima | |
---|
Sumba–Flores | |
---|
Flores–Lembata | |
---|
Selaru | |
---|
Kei–Tanimbar ? | |
---|
Aru | |
---|
Timoric * | | Central Timor * | |
---|
Wetar–Galoli ? | |
---|
Kawaimina | |
---|
Luangic–Kisaric ? | |
---|
Rote–Meto * | |
---|
Babar | |
---|
Southwest Maluku | |
---|
|
---|
Kowiai ? | |
---|
Central Maluku * | |
---|
|
| Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages |
---|
SHWNG | | Halmahera Sea | Ambel–Biga | |
---|
Maya–Matbat | |
---|
Maden | |
---|
As | |
---|
South Halmahera | |
---|
|
---|
Cenderawasih | |
---|
|
---|
Oceanic | Admiralty | |
---|
Saint Matthias | |
---|
Temotu | Utupua | |
---|
Vanikoro | |
---|
Reefs–Santa Cruz | |
---|
|
---|
Southeast Solomonic | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
---|
Malaita– San Cristobal | |
---|
|
---|
Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | Willaumez | |
---|
Bali-Vitu | |
---|
New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | Tungag–Nalik | |
---|
Tabar | |
---|
Madak | |
---|
St. George | |
---|
Northwest Solomonic | |
---|
|
|
---|
|
---|
North New Guinea | Sarmi– Jayapura ? | |
---|
Schouten | |
---|
Huon Gulf | |
---|
Ngero–Vitiaz | |
---|
|
---|
Papuan Tip | Nuclear | |
---|
Kilivila–Misima | |
---|
Nimoa–Sudest | |
---|
|
---|
|
---|
Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | Torres–Banks | |
---|
Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost | |
---|
South Pentecost | |
---|
Espiritu Santo | |
---|
|
---|
Nuclear Southern Oceanic | Central Vanuatu | |
---|
South Vanuatu | |
---|
Loyalties– New Caledonia | Loyalty Islands | |
---|
New Caledonian | |
---|
|
---|
|
---|
|
---|
Micronesian | |
---|
Central Pacific | |
---|
|
---|
|
|
|
|
- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
|
На других языках
- [en] Ambel language
[fr] Waigeo (langue)
Le waigeo (ou ambel, amber, amberi, waigiu) est une langue malayo-polynésienne du groupe des langues raja ampat parlée par 300 personnes en Indonésie en 1978[1].
Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии