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Ambel (Amber), also known as Waigeo after the island where it is primarily spoken, is a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language spoken on the island of Waigeo in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. It is spoken by approximately 1,600 people.[1] It is endangered, as the population is shifting to Papuan Malay and few people born after the year 2000 have any knowledge of the language.[2]

Ambel
Waigeo
Native toIndonesia
RegionWaigeo
Native speakers
c. 1600 (2018)
Language family
Austronesian
  • Malayo-Polynesian
    • Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
      • Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
        • South Halmahera–West New Guinea
          • Halmahera Sea
            • Ambel–Biga
              • Ambel
Language codes
ISO 639-3wgo
Glottologwaig1244
Ambel
Coordinates: 0.18°S 130.92°E / -0.18; 130.92

Dialects


Ambel is spoken by approximately 1,600 people on Waigeo, an island in the Raja Ampat archipelago near the northwestern tip of West Papua, Indonesia. There are two dialects of Ambel:[3]

Ambel speakers live alongside Biak speakers in the three villages of Warsamdin, Kabare, and Andey.[4]


Distribution


Ambel is spoken in the following locations within Raja Ampat Regency:[5]


Phonology


The sounds of the Ambel language are as follows:[6]

Consonant sounds
Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Palatal Velar
Plosive p b d k g
Fricative s h
Nasal m n
Rhotic r
Lateral l
Glide j w

/h/ can be heard as [f] or [ɸ] in free variation.

Vowel sounds
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Proto-language


Arnold (2018) reconstructs two tonemes for proto-Ambel, high /3/ and rising /12/, which is similar to the tonal system of Ma'ya.[7]

Below are some monosyllabic proto-Ambel reconstructed lexical forms that have cognates with Matbat and Ma'ya. The Misool dialect is given for some Ma'ya forms.[7]

glossProto-AmbelMatbatMa'ya
‘betel leaf’*nyanna¹nˈnya¹²n
‘breast’su³ˈsu³s
‘canoe’*wanwa³ŋˈwa¹²k
‘come’bo³tˈbo³t
‘die’*mna³tma¹²tˈma¹²t
‘eight’*wa³l-wa³lˈwa³l
‘enter’*sunhu³ŋˈsu³n
‘fire’*lapya³pˈla¹²p
‘fish’*dunˈdo³n
‘five’*limli³mˈli³m
‘four’*fa³tfa³tˈfa¹²t
‘full’*fonfo³nˈfo¹²n
‘give’*bibe²¹ˈbe (Misool)
‘good’*fifi³ˈfi³
‘green/blue’*bya³wbla¹²w
‘ground, earth’*ba³tba³tˈba¹²t
‘hear’no⁴¹ŋˈdo¹²n
‘kill’*bunbu³nˈbu³n
‘know’*un-u²¹n-ˈun (Misool)
‘louse’*o¹²wtwu³tˈu³t
‘man’*ma³n(wa³y)ma²¹nˈma¹²n (Misool)
‘mother’*ne³nne³nˈne¹²n
‘mountain’*i³lhe³lˈye³l
‘mouth’ga²¹lˈgal
‘much’to¹²ˈmo¹²t
‘needle’*yamla¹m
‘night’*gamka¹m
‘person’*me³tma³tˈmat
‘rice’*fafa³sˈfa¹²s
‘rise,*saascend’ha³ ˈsa³
‘sago’*bi¹²ˈbi³
‘sand’*laynye³nˈle¹²n
‘sea*fi³nturtle’fe³n ˈfe³n
‘seawards’lo³lˈlo³l
‘see’*e³m-ɛ³ŋ-ˈe¹²m
‘shoot’-a¹nˈfa¹²n
‘snake’*kokko³kˈko¹²k
‘swim’*la³la³s-ˈa¹²s (Misool)
‘three’*tu³lto³lˈto³l
‘tree,*a³ywood’ha³y ˈai
‘two’*lulu³ˈlu³
‘village’*nu 'house'nu³ˈpnu³
‘walk’*ta³nˈdak (Misool)
‘white’*busbu³ˈbu³s
‘woman’*bin(wa¹t)bi³n
‘kind of mangrove’
ˈpi³n

References


  1. Arnold 2018, p. 12.
  2. Arnold 2018, pp. 9–10.
  3. Arnold 2018, p. 6
  4. Arnold 2018
  5. Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
  6. Arnold 2018.
  7. Arnold, Laura (2018c). "A preliminary archaeology of tone in Raja Ampat". In Antoinette Schapper (ed.). Contact and substrate in the languages of Wallacea, Part 2. NUSA. Vol. 64. pp. 7–37. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1450778. hdl:10108/92289.

Bibliography





На других языках


- [en] Ambel language

[fr] Waigeo (langue)

Le waigeo (ou ambel, amber, amberi, waigiu) est une langue malayo-polynésienne du groupe des langues raja ampat parlée par 300 personnes en Indonésie en 1978[1].



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