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Acehnese or Achinese (Jawi: بهسا اچيه) is an Austronesian language natively spoken by the Acehnese people in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. This language is also spoken by Acehnese descendants in some parts of Malaysia like Yan, in Kedah.

Acehnese
Bahsa/Basa Acèh بهسا اچيه
Pronunciation	[bahsa at͡ʃeh]
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Aceh, Sumatra
Ethnicity	Acehnese
Native speakers	4.7 million (2020 census)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan Aceh-Chamic Acehnese
Writing system	Latin Jawi
Language codes
ISO 639-2	ace
ISO 639-3	ace
Glottolog	achi1257
Aceh Province, Sumatra
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Name

As of 1988, "Acehnese" is the modern English name spelling and the bibliographical standard, and Acehnese people use the spelling "Acehnese" when writing in English. "Achinese" is an antiquated spelling of the English language tradition. "Atjehnese" is the Dutch spelling and an outdated Indonesian one. The spelling "Achehnese" originates from a 1906 English translation of the Dutch language Studien over atjesche klank- en schriftleer. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 35.346-442 by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, 1892. In Acehnese the language is called Basa/Bahsa Acèh. In Indonesian it is called Bahasa Aceh.[2]

Classification and related languages

Acehnese belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian. Acehnese's closest relatives are the other Chamic languages, which are principally spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia. The closest relative of the Chamic family is the Malay language family, which includes languages also spoken in Sumatra such as Minangkabau as well as the national language, Indonesian.

Paul Sidwell notes that Acehnese likely has an Austroasiatic substratum.[3]

Distribution

Acehnese language is spoken primarily in coastal region of Aceh. This language is spoken in 13 regencies and 4 cities in Aceh, those are:

City

1. Sabang
2. Banda Aceh
3. Lhokseumawe
4. Langsa

North-East Coast

1. Aceh Besar
2. Pidie
3. Pidie Jaya
4. Bireuen
5. North Aceh
6. East Aceh (except in 3 districts, Serba Jadi, Peunaron and Simpang Jernih where the Gayo language is spoken)
7. Aceh Tamiang (Mostly Manyak Payet and Kuala Simpang District, the rest of the Regency speaks a variety of the Malay language)

West-South Coast

1. Aceh Jaya
2. West Aceh
3. Nagan Raya
4. Southwest Aceh (except in Susoh District where the Aneuk Jamee language is spoken)
5. South Aceh (mixed with Kluet language and Aneuk Jamee language)

Phonology

Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.[4]

Acehnese vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ ~ ɯ	u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ʌ	ɔ
Open		a

In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet, Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography.

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.[5]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
	post-stopped	(mᵇ)	(nᵈ)	(ɲᶡ)	(ŋᶢ)
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		h
	voiced		z
Approximant			l	j	w
Trill			r

Notes:

• Syllable-final orthographic ⟨k⟩ always represents /ʔ/ save in certain recent loans
• /z/, /f/, and /ʃ/ are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by d and the clusters ph and ch, respectively
• The nasals /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/ are realized as post-stopped nasals (also called "funny nasals") before oral vowels and consonants.[6][7] They are distinct from the nasal-stop sequences /mb/, /nd/, /ɲɟ/, /ŋɡ/, e.g. in /banᵈa/ 'port' vs /mandum/ 'all'.[8]

Grammar

Acehnese features a split ergative system. Intransitives that align with the agent of a transitive verb (Sa) always show agreement by a proclitic (1). Meanwhile, intransitives that align with the patient of a transitive verb (Sp) may optionally show agreement by an enclitic (2). Volitionality is the determining factor for whether an intransitive verb is Sa or Sp.[9]

Writing system

Formerly, the Acehnese language was written in an Arabic script called Jawoë or Jawi in the Malay language. The script is less common nowadays.^{[citation needed]} Since colonization by the Dutch, the Acehnese language has been written in the Latin script, with the addition of supplementary letters. The diacritical letters are é, è, ë, ö and ô.[10] The sound /ɨ/ is represented by 'eu' and the sound /ʌ/ is represented by 'ö', respectively. The letter 'ë' is used exclusively to represent the schwa sound which forms the second part of diphthongs. The letters f, q, v, x, and z are only used in loanwords.

Vowels[11]

Grapheme	Phoneme (IPA)	Open syllable	Closed syllable
a	/a/	ba /ba/ ‘carry’	bak /baʔ/ ‘at, tree’
e	/ə/	le /lə/ ‘many’	let /lət/ ‘pull out’
é	/e/	baté /bate/ ‘cup, betel tray’	baték /bateʔ/ ‘batik’
è	/ɛ/	bè /bɛ/ ‘smell’	bèk /bɛʔ/ ‘prohibitive "don't" (e.g. bèk neupajoh boh gantang lôn 'don't you eat my fries')'
ë	/ə/	huë /huə/ ‘pull’	huëk /huəʔ/ ‘choke’
eu	/ɯ/	keu /kɯ/ ‘front’	keuh /kɯh/ ‘so (e.g. nyan keuh), pronominal affix for second person (e.g. droe-keuh)’
i	/i/	di /di/ 'in, from'	dit /dit/ 'few, small amount'
o	/ɔ/	yo /jɔ/ ‘afraid’	yok /jɔʔ/ ‘shake’
ô	/o/	rô /ro/ ‘spill’	rôh /roh/ ‘enter’
ö	/ʌ/	pö /pʌ/ ‘fly’	pöt /pʌt/ ‘pluck, pick’
u	/u/	su /su/ ‘sound, voice’	sut /sut/ ‘remove, detach’

Consonants[11]

Grapheme	Phoneme (IPA)	Extra notes
b	/b/
c	/c/
d	/d/
f	/f/	Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with p (/p/).
g	/ɡ/
h	/h/
j	/ɟ/
k	/k/, /ʔ/ at the end of a syllable.
l	/l/
m	/m/
mb	/mb/
n	/n/
nd	/nd/
ng	/ŋ/
ngg	/ŋɡ/
nj	/ɲɟ/
ny	/ɲ/
p	/p/
q	/q, k/	Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with k (/k/).
r	/r/
s	/s/
sy	/ʃ/
t	/t/
v	/v/	Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with b (/b/).
w	/w/
x	/ks/	Used in foreign words. Usually replaced with ks (/ks/).
y	/j/
z	/z/	Used in foreign words.

Literature

Acehnese language is rich with literature. The oldest manuscript written in Acehnese is Hikayat Seumau'un from 1658 CE. Most Acehnese literatures consist of poetic works, very little written in prose form.[12]

Dialects

At least ten Achehnese dialects exist: Pasè, Peusangan, Matang, Pidië, Buëng, Banda, Daya, Meulabôh, Seunagan and Tunong.[13]

Vocabulary

Pronouns

Acehnese[14]	Indonesian	English translation
kèe	aku	I
ulôn, lôn, lông	saya	I (polite)
ulôn tuan, lôn tuan	saya	I (most polite)
kamoe	kami	we (exclude)
geutanyoe, tanyoe	kita	we (include)
jih	dia	he/she/it
gop nyan	beliau	he/she/it (polite)
droeneuh nyan	beliau	he/she/it (most polite)
awak nyoe/nyan	mereka	they
ureueng nyoe/nyan	mereka	they (polite)
kah	kau	you
gata	kamu	you (for younger)
droeneuh	Anda	you (polite)
awak kah	kalian	you (plural)
ureueng droeneuh	kalian	you (plural) (polite)

Numerals

Acehnese[15]	Indonesian	English translation
sa	satu	one
dua	dua	two
lhèe	tiga	three
peuet	empat	four
limong	lima	five
nam	enam	six
tujôh	tujuh	seven
lapan	delapan	eight
sikureueng	sembilan	nine
siplôh	sepuluh	ten

Interrogative words

Acehnese[16]	Indonesian	English translation
peue, pue	apa	what
soe	siapa	who
pajan	kapan	when
töh, siré	yang mana	which
pat	di mana	where
panè	dari mana	from where
ho	ke mana	to where
padum, padit	berapa	how many
pakri, paban	bagaimana	how
pakön	kenapa	why

Gallery

• 
  Hikayat Akhbarul Karim
• 
  Hikayat Banta Beuransah

References

Bibliography

• Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account" (PDF), Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15 (1): 9–21
• Pillai, Stefanie; Yusuf, Yunisrina Qismullah (2012), "An instrumental analysis of acehnese oral vowels" (PDF), Language and Linguistics, 13 (6): 1029–1050
• Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20
• Durie, Mark (1985). A grammar of Acehnese: on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 112. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. ISBN 90-6765-074-9.
• Durie, Mark (1988a). "The So-Called Passive of Acehnese". Language. 64 (1): 104–113. doi:10.2307/414788. JSTOR 414788.
• Lawler, John M. (1977). "A Agrees with B in Achenese: A Problem for Relational Grammar". In Cole, P.; Sacock, J. (eds.). Grammatical Relations. Syntax and Semantics 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 219–248. doi:10.1163/9789004368866_010.

Further reading

• Asyik, Abdul Gani (1987). A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese Sentences (Complementation) (Thesis thesis). hdl:2027.42/161507.
• Daud, Bukhari (1997). Writing and reciting Acehnese: perspectives on language and literature in Aceh (PhD thesis). The University of Melbourne. hdl:11343/37197.
• Daud, Bukhari; Durie, Mark (1999). Kamus basa Acèh/Kamus bahasa Aceh/Acehnese-Indonesian-English thesaurus. Pacific Linguistics Series C, Volume 151. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C151. hdl:1885/146590. ISBN 0-85883-506-1.
• Durie, Mark (1984). A grammar of Acehnese (PhD thesis). Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5d6fa25bcc31c. hdl:1885/138059.
• Durie, Mark (1985a). "Control and decontrol in acehnese". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 5 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1080/07268608508599335.
• Durie, Mark (1987). "Grammatical Relations in Acehnese". Studies in Language. 11 (2): 365–399. doi:10.1075/sl.11.2.05dur.
• Durie, Mark (1988), Proto-Chamic and Acehnese mid vowels: towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-24
• Lawler, John M. (1988). "On the Questions of Acehnese 'Passive'" (PDF). Language. 64 (1): 114–117. doi:10.2307/414789. JSTOR 414789. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
• Legate, Julie Anne (2012). "Subjects in Acehnese and the Nature of the Passive" (PDF). Language. 88 (3): 495–525. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0069. JSTOR 23251862. S2CID 7254201.
• Thurgood, Graham (2007), The Historical Place of Acehnese: The Known and the Unknown (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-19
• "The Austroasiatic substratum of Acehnese | Linguistics". lx.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-24.

External links

• Learning Acehnese in Indonesian
• Learning Acehnese in English and Indonesian Archived 2019-12-29 at the Wayback Machine
• Acehnese literature resources
• Acehnese at Omniglot
• Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Acehnese language". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Acehnese
• PARADISEC archive of Ache language includes three collections; MD4, MD5, and MD6. These collections focus on different varieties of Achenese.
• Listen to a sample of Achinese from Global Recordings Network

На других языках

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[de] Achinesische Sprache

Die achinesische Sprache (auch Acehnesisch und Achehnesisch) oder Aceh-Sprache (auch Atjeh) ist eine malayo-polynesische Sprache, die vom Volk der Achinesen (in Aceh auf Sumatra in Indonesien) als Muttersprache gesprochen wird.

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- [en] Acehnese language

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[es] Idioma achenés

El achenés (en achenés: Bahsa Acèh) es un idioma malayo-polinesio hablado en Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia y en Bota, Perak, Malasia.

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[fr] Aceh (langue)

L’aceh, aussi appelé achinais ou acehnais, est une langue austronésienne parlée par la population autochtone de la province indonésienne d'Aceh à la pointe nord de l'île de Sumatra.

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[it] Lingua aceh

La lingua aceh è una lingua maleo-polinesiaca parlata in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia.

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[ru] Ачехский язык

Аче́хский язык или ачех — относится к малайско-полинезийским языкам. Распространён в провинции Ачех (остров Суматра) и в округе Бота (провинция Перак, Малайзия).

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