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Ternate is a language of northern Maluku, eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the Ternate people [id], who inhabit the island of Ternate and some other areas of the archipelago, including the western coast of Halmahera, Hiri, Obi, Kayoa, and the Bacan Islands.[6][7] Historically, it served as the primary language of the Sultanate of Ternate, famous for its role in the spice trade. It has established itself as a lingua franca of the North Maluku province.[8][9] A North Halmahera language, it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family.[10]

For the local variety of Malay, see Ternate Malay.
Ternate
Ternatese
bahasa Ternate / bahasa Tarnate
Native toIndonesia
RegionNorth Maluku
Native speakers
(42,000[1] cited 1981)[2]
20,000 L2 speakers (1981)[1]
Language family
West Papuan
Writing system
Latin script (Rumi)
Historically Arabic script (Jawi)[3][4][5]
Language codes
ISO 639-3tft
Glottologtern1247
ELPTernate
Ternate
Location in Southeast Asia
Coordinates: 0°1′N 127°44′E

This language should be distinguished from Ternate Malay (North Moluccan Malay), a local Malay-based creole which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island.[11][12] More recently, there has been a language shift from Ternate towards Malay.[13][14] It can be assumed that its role as a lingua franca has greatly waned.[6] While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia,[8] it is not known how many expatriate Ternateans still speak the language.[6] In Indonesian, it is generally known as bahasa Ternate, however the term bahasa Ternate asli is sometimes used to distinguish it from Ternate Malay.[11]

The language has been influential as a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for North Moluccan Malay, the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as Manado Malay.[15][16]


Written records


The Ternate language was recorded with the Arabic script since the 15th century, while the Latin alphabet is used in modern writing.[3][17] Ternate and Tidore are notable for being the only indigenous non-Austronesian languages of the region to have established literary traditions prior to first European contact.[18][19] Other languages of the North Halmahera region, which were not written down until the arrival of Christian missionaries, have received significant lexical influence from Ternate.[20]


Classification


Ternate is a member of the North Halmahera language family,[10] which is classified by some as part of a larger West Papuan family, a proposed linking of the North Halmahera languages with the Papuan languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula.[21] It is most closely related to the Tidore language, which is native to the southern neighboring island. The distinction between Ternate and Tidore appears to be based on sociopolitical factors rather than linguistic differences.[22][23] While many authors have described these varieties as separate languages,[23] some classifications identify them as dialects of a single language, collectively termed as either "Ternate" or "Ternate-Tidore".[24][17][25]


Phonology


Ternate, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.


Consonants


Ternate consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/Affricate voiceless p t tʃ k
voiced b d dʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s
Approximant central w j h
lateral l
Flap ɾ

Vowels


Ternate vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

References


  1. Ternate at Ethnologue (14th ed., 2000).
  2. Ternate at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890). Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate (in Dutch). E.J. Brill. p. 193.
  4. "Ternatan/Tidorese - Dictionary definition of Ternatan/Tidorese". encyclopedia.com.
  5. Fathurahman, Oman (2015), Filologi Indonesia Teori dan Metode (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Prenada Media, p. 128, ISBN 978-623-218-153-3, OCLC 1001307264, retrieved 2022-09-07
  6. Voorhoeve, C.L. (1988), "The languages of the North Halmaheran stock", Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26, Pacific Linguistics A-76, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 181–209, doi:10.15144/PL-A76.181, ISBN 0-85883-370-0, OCLC 220535054
  7. Masinambow, E.K.M. (1972), "Ternatans", in Appell, George N. (ed.), Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia, vol. 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar, New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press, p. 120, ISBN 978-0-87536-403-2, OCLC 650009
  8. "ТЕРНАТАНЦЫ". Большая российская энциклопедия (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  9. Brown, Iem (2009), "Maluku Islands and Papua (North Maluku)", The Territories of Indonesia, London–New York: Routledge, pp. 175–182, doi:10.4324/9780203403013, ISBN 978-1-135-35541-8, OCLC 881430426
  10. Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Ternate - A language of Indonesia (Maluku)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). SIL International.
  11. Litamahuputty, Betty (2012). "A description of Ternate Malay". Wacana. 14 (2): 335.
  12. Litamahuputty, Betty (March 10, 2007). "Description of Ternate Malay". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Jakarta station. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007.
  13. Mahdi Ahmad; Sumarlam Sumarlam; Djatmika Djatmika; Sri Marmanto (13 August 2016). "Pemertahanan bahasa Ternate pada masyarakat multilingual". Prasasti: Conference Series (in Indonesian): 466–473. doi:10.20961/pras.v0i0.1574 (inactive 31 July 2022).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022 (link)
  14. Maricar, Farida; Duwila, Ety (2017), "Vitalitas bahasa Ternate di Pulau Ternate", Jurnal Etnohistori: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan dan Kesejarahan (in Indonesian), 4 (2): 136–151, archived from the original on 2020-09-03
  15. Taylor, Paul Michael (1999). "Introduction" (PDF). F.S.A. de Clercq's Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate (Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital ed.). Smithsonian Institution Libraries. p. 7.
  16. Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. p. 21.
  17. Hayami-Allen, Rika (2001). A Descriptive Study of the Language of Ternate, the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia. University of Pittsburgh.
  18. Warnk, Holger (2010). "The coming of Islam and Moluccan-Malay culture to New Guinea c.1500–1920". Indonesia and the Malay World. 38 (110): 109–134. doi:10.1080/13639811003665454. S2CID 162188648.
  19. Taylor, Paul Michael (1988). "From mantra to mataráa: Opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia)". Social Science & Medicine. 27 (5): 430. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90365-6. PMID 3067356.
  20. Dalby, Andrew (2015). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 620. ISBN 978-1-4081-0214-5.
  21. Enfield, Nick; Comrie, Bernard, eds. (2015). Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Walter de Gruyter. p. 269. ISBN 9781501501685.
  22. Bowden, John, Emic and Etic Classifications of Languages in the North Maluku Region (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-20, retrieved 2022-08-01 – via Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
  23. Bowden, John (2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 31 (2): 139.
  24. "Ternate - Peta Bahasa" (in Indonesian).
  25. Palmer, Bill (2017). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter. p. 577. ISBN 9783110295252.

На других языках

- [en] Ternate language

[fr] Ternate (langue)

Le ternate est une langue papoue parlée en Indonésie, dans les Moluques du Nord et particulièrement à Ternate, Kayoa, Bacan, îles Obi et des communautés côtières d'Halmahera, par 42 000 locuteurs (Wurm et Hattori, 1981). Elle est très proche du tidore parlé à Tidore, l'autre île aux Épices. Elle sert de lingua franca dans le nord et le nord-est d'Halmahera avec au moins 20 000 locuteurs en seconde langue.

[ru] Тернате (язык)

Тернате — папуасский язык, который распространён в Индонезии, в провинции Северное Малуку. Очень близок к языку тидоре[1]; эти два языка взаимопонятны, имеют практически общий словарь и очень похожие грамматики и могут рассматриваться как варианты единого языка тернате-тидоре[2].


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