lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageHatam (also spelled Hattam, Atam) is a divergent language spoken on the island of New Guinea, specifically in the Indonesian province of West Papua.
Language spoken in Indonesia
Hatam |
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Native to | Papua |
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Region | Eastern Bird's Head |
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Native speakers | (16,000 cited 1993)[1] |
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Language family | |
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Dialects |
- Moi (Moire)
- Tinam
- Miriei
- Adihup
- Uran
|
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|
ISO 639-3 | had |
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Glottolog | hata1243 |
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ELP | Hatam |
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Show map of Bird's Head Peninsula Show map of Western New Guinea Show map of Southeast Asia |
Coordinates: 1.14°S 134.04°E / -1.14; 134.04 |
Classification
Apart from Mansim (Borai), formerly listed as a dialect, Hatam is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) tentatively assigned it to the West Papuan languages, based on similarities in pronouns, Ethnologue and Glottolog list it as a language isolate[1] or small independent family.[2]
Distribution
Hatam is spoken on the island of New Guinea in the following regencies in the Indonesian province of West Papua:[3]
- Pegunungan Arfak Regency: Menyambouw District, Anggi District, Anggi Dida District, Catubouw District, and Hingk District
- Manokwari Regency: Manokwari Barat District, Manokwari Selatan District, Tanah Rubuh District, Warmare District, Prafi District
- Manokwari Selatan Regency: Oransbari District (Masabui 1 and Masabui 2 villages) and Ransiki District (Sabri village)
Phonology
The phonology of the Hatam language is listed below. In free form, both consonant and vowel phonemes can range to different sounds.[4]
Consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Plosive |
voiceless |
p |
t |
c |
k |
|
voiced |
b |
d |
ɟ |
ɡ |
|
geminated |
pː |
tː |
|
kː |
|
Nasal |
voiced |
m |
n |
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
geminated |
mː |
nː |
|
|
|
Fricative |
|
s |
|
|
h |
Liquid |
|
ɾ |
|
|
|
Semivowel |
w |
|
j |
|
|
Phoneme |
Allophones |
/p/ |
[p, pʰ, pɸ, ɸ] |
/t/ |
[t, tʰ] |
/c/ |
[c, cʰ] |
/k/ |
[k, kʰ, kx] |
/ɡ/ |
[ɡ, k, ɡː] |
/ɟ/ |
[ɟ, ɟː] |
/d/ |
[d, t] |
/b/ |
[b, p, bː] |
/ɾ/ |
[ɾ, l, lː] |
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i |
|
u |
Mid |
ɛ |
|
ɔ |
Open |
|
a |
|
Phoneme |
Allophones |
/i/ |
[i, ɪ, ə] |
/ɛ/ |
[ɛ, e] |
/a/ |
[ä, a, ɐ] |
/ɔ/ |
[ɔ, o] |
References
- Hatam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Hatam". Glottolog 4.3.
- Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
- Reesink (1999), pp. 9–13
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Further reading
- Reesink, Ger P. (1999). A Grammar of Hatam: Bird's Head Peninsula, Irian Jaya. Pacific Linguistics: Series C, 146. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. hdl:1885/146620. ISBN 978-0-85883-497-2.
West Papuan languages |
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West Papuan | West Bird's Head | |
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Central Bird's Head | |
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North Halmahera | Sahu | |
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Galela–Tobelo | |
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Ternate-Tidore | |
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Others | |
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|
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Others | |
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|
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Extended West Papuan | East Bird's Head –Sentani | East Bird's Head | |
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Demta–Sentani | |
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Others | |
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|
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Yawa | |
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|
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Languages of Indonesia |
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Western languages |
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Malayo-Sumbawan | |
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Javanese | |
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Celebic | |
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Lampungic | |
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Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands | |
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South Sulawesi | |
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Barito | |
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Kayan–Murik | |
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Land Dayak | |
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North Bornean | |
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Philippine languages | Central Philippine | |
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Gorontalo-Mongondow | |
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Minahasan | |
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Sangiric | |
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Central-Eastern languages |
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Aru | |
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Central Maluku | |
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Flores–Lembata | |
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Halmahera- Cenderawasih | |
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Kei-Tanimbar | |
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Selaru | |
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Sumba–Flores | |
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Timor–Babar | |
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Western Oceanic | |
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|
|
Papuan languages |
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North Halmahera | |
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Timor–Alor–Pantar | |
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Asmat–Mombum | |
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West Bird's Head | |
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South Bird's Head | |
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East Bird's Head | |
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West Bomberai | |
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Dani | |
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Paniai Lakes | |
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Digul River | |
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Foja Range | |
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Lakes Plain | |
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East Cenderawasih Bay | |
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Yawa | |
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Demta–Sentani | |
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Ok | |
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Momuna–Mek | |
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Skou | |
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South Pauwasi | |
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East Pauwasi | |
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West Pauwasi | |
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Kaure–Kosare | |
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Marind–Yaqai | |
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Bulaka River | |
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Kayagar | |
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Border | |
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Senagi | |
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Mairasi | |
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Kolopom | |
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Yam | |
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Lower Mamberamo | |
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Others | |
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|
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Other languages |
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Creoles and Pidgins |
Other creoles and pidgins | |
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|
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Immigrant languages | Chinese | |
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European | |
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Indian | |
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Middle Eastern | |
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Others | |
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|
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Sign languages | |
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