lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageMatbat is a heavily Papuan-influenced Austronesian language spoken in West Papua, Indonesia, on the island of Misool, Raja Ampat islands.[1] Its dialects are Magey and Tomolol.[2]: 17 Similar to the neighboring Ma'ya language, Matbat is one of a handful of Austronesian languages with true lexical tone rather than a pitch-accent system or complete lack of phonemic tonal contrasts as with most other Austronesian languages.[3]
Austronesian language spoken in West Papua, Indonesia
Matbat |
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Native to | Indonesia |
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Region | Misool, Raja Ampat islands |
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Native speakers | 1,000–1,500 (2001)[1] |
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Language family | Austronesian
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Malayo-Polynesian
- Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- South Halmahera–West New Guinea
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ISO 639-3 | xmt |
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Glottolog | matb1237 |
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Coordinates: 1.88°S 130.07°E / -1.88; 130.07 |
Distribution
Matbat is spoken in the following locations within Raja Ampat Regency:[4]
- Misool Timur District: Tumolol, Lenmalas, Lenmalas Timur Barat, Audam, Foley, and Eduai villages
- Misool Utara District: Atkari and Salafen villages
- Misool Barat District: Magei village
Phonology
The phonology of the Matbat language is summarized below:[5]
Consonant sounds
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Plosive |
p b |
t d |
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k g |
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Fricative |
f |
s |
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|
h |
Nasal |
m |
n |
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ŋ |
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Lateral |
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l |
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Glide |
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j |
w |
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/j/ can be heard freely as [ʝ] or [ɟ] in word-initial position.[1]
Vowel sounds
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Front |
Back |
Close |
i |
u |
Mid |
e |
o |
ɛ |
ɔ |
Open |
a |
Tones
Matbat has five lexical tones: high falling ˥˩ 41, high ˦ 3, low rising ˩˨ 12, low level ˩ 1, and low falling ˨˩ 21, which in open syllables has a peaking allophone, ˩˨˩ 121. Most Matbat words are monosyllabic; additional syllables in polysyllabic words are often weak and toneless, though a few words do have two tonic syllables. Examples of some of the longer monomorphemic words are /kamow˩˨/ 'star', /wuj˦te/ 'sea shore', /sapu˥˩luj˩˨/ 'round', /bim˦bom˩˨˩pu/ 'butterfly'.
Evolution
Tonogenesis in Matbat remains unclear. Some Matbat reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) proto-forms are listed below.[3]: 658–659
- PMP *bunuq > Mayá bu³n ‘kill’
- PMP *penuq > fo¹²n ‘full’
- PMP *salaq > sa³l ‘error’
- PMP *qateluR (> *teluR) > to¹²l ‘egg’
- PMP *matay > ma¹²t ‘die’
- PMP *kutu > u³t ‘louse’
References
- Remijsen, A. C. L. (2002). Word-Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages. Leiden: Leiden University.
- Kamholz, David (2014). Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and Change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
- Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5.
- Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
- Remijsen, Bert (2010). Nouns and Verbs in Magey Matbat. Michael C. Ewing and Marian Klamer (eds.), East Nusantara: typological and areal analyses: Australian National University. pp. 281–311.
Further reading
Languages of Indonesia |
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Western languages |
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Malayo-Sumbawan | |
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Javanese | |
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Celebic | |
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Lampungic | |
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Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands | |
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South Sulawesi | |
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Barito | |
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Kayan–Murik | |
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Land Dayak | |
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North Bornean | |
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Philippine languages | Central Philippine | |
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Gorontalo-Mongondow | |
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Minahasan | |
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Sangiric | |
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Central-Eastern languages |
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Aru | |
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Central Maluku | |
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Flores–Lembata | |
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Halmahera- Cenderawasih | |
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Kei-Tanimbar | |
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Selaru | |
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Sumba–Flores | |
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Timor–Babar | |
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Western Oceanic | |
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Papuan languages |
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North Halmahera | |
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Timor–Alor–Pantar | |
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Asmat–Mombum | |
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West Bird's Head | |
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South Bird's Head | |
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East Bird's Head | |
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West Bomberai | |
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Dani | |
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Paniai Lakes | |
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Digul River | |
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Foja Range | |
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Lakes Plain | |
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East Cenderawasih Bay | |
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Yawa | |
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Demta–Sentani | |
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Ok | |
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Momuna–Mek | |
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Skou | |
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South Pauwasi | |
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East Pauwasi | |
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West Pauwasi | |
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Kaure–Kosare | |
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Marind–Yaqai | |
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Bulaka River | |
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Kayagar | |
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Border | |
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Senagi | |
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Mairasi | |
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Kolopom | |
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Yam | |
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Lower Mamberamo | |
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Others | |
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Other languages |
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Creoles and Pidgins |
Other creoles and pidgins | |
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Immigrant languages | Chinese | |
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European | |
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Indian | |
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Middle Eastern | |
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Others | |
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Sign languages | |
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Halmahera–Cenderawasih languages |
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Cenderawasih | |
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Halmahera Sea | |
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Other | |
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Austronesian languages |
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Formosan languages |
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Rukaic | |
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Tsouic | |
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Northern | Atayalic | |
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Northwest Formosan | |
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East | |
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Southern ? | |
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Malayo–Polynesian |
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Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian |
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Philippine (linkage) ? | Batanic | |
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Northern Luzon | | Cagayan Valley | |
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Northeastern Luzon |
- Dupaningan Agta
- Dinapigue Agta language
- Casiguran Agta
- Nagtipunan Agta
- Pahanan Agta
- Paranan Agta
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Meso Cordilleran | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Northern Mindoro | |
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Greater Central Philippine * | Southern Mindoro | |
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Central Philippine | | Bisayan | West | |
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Asi | |
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Central | |
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Cebuan | |
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South | |
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Bikol | |
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Mansakan | |
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Palawan | |
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Mindanao | |
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Gorontalo– Mongondow | |
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Kalamian | |
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Bilic | |
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Sangiric | |
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Minahasan | |
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Manide–Inagta * | |
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Greater Barito * | |
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Greater North Borneo * | North Borneo * | Northeast Sabah * | |
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Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | Bisaya–Lotud | |
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Dusunic | |
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Paitanic | |
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Greater Murutic * | |
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North Sarawak * | |
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Central Sarawak | |
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Kayanic | |
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Land Dayak | |
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Malayo–Chamic * | |
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Sundanese | |
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Rejang ? | |
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Moklenic ? | |
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Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
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Lampungic | |
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Javanese | |
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Madurese | |
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Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
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Celebic | Bungku–Tolaki | |
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Muna–Buton | |
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Saluan–Banggai | |
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Tomini–Tolitoli | |
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Kaili–Wolio * | |
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South Sulawesi | Bugis | |
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Makassaric | |
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Seko | |
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Northern | |
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Isolates | |
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| Central Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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Bima | |
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Sumba–Flores | |
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Flores–Lembata | |
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Selaru | |
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Kei–Tanimbar ? | |
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Aru | |
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Timoric * | | Central Timor * | |
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Wetar–Galoli ? | |
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Kawaimina | |
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Luangic–Kisaric ? | |
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Rote–Meto * | |
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Babar | |
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Southwest Maluku | |
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Kowiai ? | |
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Central Maluku * | |
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| Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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SHWNG | | Halmahera Sea | Ambel–Biga | |
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Maya–Matbat | |
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Maden | |
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As | |
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South Halmahera | |
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Cenderawasih | |
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Oceanic | Admiralty | |
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Saint Matthias | |
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Temotu | Utupua | |
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Vanikoro | |
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Reefs–Santa Cruz |
- Äiwoo
- Engdewu / Nanggu
- Natügu / Santa Cruz
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Southeast Solomonic | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
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Malaita– San Cristobal | |
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Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | Willaumez | |
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Bali-Vitu | |
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New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | Tungag–Nalik | |
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Tabar | |
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Madak | |
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St. George | |
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Northwest Solomonic | |
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North New Guinea | Sarmi– Jayapura ? | |
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Schouten | |
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Huon Gulf | |
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Ngero–Vitiaz | |
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Papuan Tip | Nuclear | |
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Kilivila–Misima | |
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Nimoa–Sudest | |
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Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | Torres–Banks | |
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Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost | |
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South Pentecost | |
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Espiritu Santo | |
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Nuclear Southern Oceanic | Central Vanuatu | |
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South Vanuatu | |
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Loyalties– New Caledonia | Loyalty Islands | |
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New Caledonian | |
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Micronesian | |
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Central Pacific | |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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