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Minangkabau (Minangkabau: Baso Minangkabau, Pegon script: بَاسُوْ مِيْنڠكَابَاوْ; Indonesian: Bahasa Minangkabau; Malay: Bahasa Minangkabau or Bahasa Minang, Jawi: بَهَاسَ مِينَاڠكَابَاوْ) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.[2] The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee.

Minangkabau
Baso Minangkabau
بَاسُوْ مِيْنڠكَابَاوْ
بَهَاسَ مِيْنَاڠكَابَاوْ
Native toIndonesia (West Sumatra)
RegionWest Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Aceh (Indonesia)
EthnicityMinangkabau, Aneuk Jamee
Native speakers
5.5 million (2007)[1]
Language family
Dialects
Writing system
Latin (Minangkabau alphabet)
Arabic script (Jawi script)
Official status
Official language in
 (West Sumatra)
Recognised minority
language in
(North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Jakarta and West Java)
 Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan)
 Singapore
 Netherlands
Regulated byBadan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
Language codes
ISO 639-2min
ISO 639-3min
Glottologmina1268
Map of Minangkabau language in Sumatra is shown by light and dark olive

Due to the huge proximity between Minangkabau and Malay, there is some controversy regarding the relationship between the two. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct (Malayic) language.[3]

Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions.[4]

Minangkabau language in Arabic script on Minangkabau royal seal from the 19th century
Minangkabau language in Arabic script on Minangkabau royal seal from the 19th century

Geographic distribution


Minangkabau is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.[2] There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi.[2] Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra, the language is also a lingua franca. The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh.

Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay, known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi, is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.


Dialects


The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.[5] In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak "our [people's] language") is often used and has become a kind of standard.

The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.[6] The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.[6][7]

The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.[7]


Phonology


The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below:[8]

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ny⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ tʃ ⟨c⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨k⟩, ⟨ʼ⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ dʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
Fricative s ⟨s⟩ h ⟨h⟩
Lateral l ⟨l⟩
Rhotic r ⟨r⟩
Semivowel w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Mid e ⟨e⟩ o ⟨o⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩

Diphthongs: [iə̯], [uə̯], [ui̯], [ai̯], [au̯].


Example



Sentences


English Minangkabau Indonesian
How are you now? Baʼa kaba sanak kini? Bagaimana kabar anda sekarang?
I'm well. How about you? Lai elok-elok se nyo. Sanak baʼa? Saya baik-baik saja. Anda bagaimana?
What is your name? Sia namo sanak? Siapa nama kamu?
My name is ... Namo ambo ... Nama saya ...
Thank you. Tarimo kasih. Terima kasih.
The trees in the jungle don't have the same height, moreover the people. (Proverb) Sadang kayu di rimbo 'ndak samo tinggi, apo lai manusia. (Pribaso) Adalah pohon di hutan tidak sama tinggi, apalagi manusia. (Peribahasa)
"As the frog swims, so he/she swims too." (He/she is doing something without having a goal.) "Co a koncek baranang co itu inyo" baʼarti mangarajokan suatu tapi indak punyo tujuan. "Bagaimana katak berenang seperti itulah dia" berarti mengerjakan sesuatu tanpa punya tujuan.
Don't throw the rubbish here! (Command) Indak buliah mambuang sarok di siko! (Parintah) Dilarang membuang sampah di sini! (Perintah)
Do not touch! You will burn your hand. Ijan dipacik! Beko tangan angku tabaka. Jangan disentuh! Nanti tanganmu terbakar.

Numerals


Number Minangkabau Indonesian English
1 cieʼ satu one
2 duo dua two
3 tigo tiga three
4 ampeʼ empat four
5 limo lima five
6 anam enam six
7 tujuah tujuh seven
8 lapan (de)lapan eight
9 sambilan sembilan nine
10 sapuluah sepuluh ten
11 sabaleh sebelas eleven
15 limo baleh lima belas fifteen
50 limo puluah lima puluh fifty
100 saratuih seratus one hundred/a hundred
150 saratuih limo puluah seratus lima puluh one hundred and fifty
500 limo ratuih lima ratus five hundred
#,000 ribu ribu thousand
#,000,000 juta juta million
#,000,000,000 milliar milliar billion

See also



References


  1. Minangkabau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Kajian Serba Linguistik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)
  3. Khaidir Anwar (1976), Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia, vol. 12, pp. 77–93, doi:10.3406/arch.1976.1296
  4. Sophie Elizabeth Crouch (2009), Voice and verb morphology in Minangkabau, a language of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Master’s thesis
  5. Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)
  6. Kurniati, S., Putri, Y. P., Wichmann, S., & Gil, D. (2011). Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping. Paper presented at the 15th International Symposium on Malay Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 15).
  7. Gil, D. & McKinnon, T. (2015). Excrescent Nasals in Malayic Dialects of Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL).
  8. Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University.

Further reading




Minangkabau edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

На других языках

[de] Minangkabauische Sprache

Die Minangkabauische Sprache (Autonym: Baso Minang[kabau]; indonesisch Bahasa Minangkabau) ist eine austronesische Sprache, die vom Volk der Minangkabau in der indonesischen Provinz Westsumatra, dem westlichen Teil von Riau, Süd-Aceh, dem nördlichen Teil von Bengkulu und Jambi, sowie in mehreren Städten in ganz Indonesien von ausgewanderten Minangkabau gesprochen wird.[1]
- [en] Minangkabau language

[es] Idioma minangkabau

El idioma minangkabau (autónimo: Baso Minang(kabau); en indonesio, Bahasa Minangkabau) es una lengua austronesia hablada por los minangkabau de Sumatra occidental, la parte occidental de Riau, Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, la parte norte de Bengkulu y Jambi. También es hablado en varias ciudades de Indonesia por migrantes Minangkabau, quienes a menudo tienen comercios o restaurantes.[2] El idioma es también una lingua franca a lo largo de la región costera occidental de la provincia de Sumatra Septentrional, e incluso es utilizada en partes de Aceh, donde el idioma es llamado Aneuk Jamee. Por otro lado, este idioma es hablado en algunas partes de Malasia, especialmente en Negeri Sembilan.

[fr] Minangkabau (langue)

Le minangkabau est une langue austronésienne parlée en Indonésie, dans le Nord de l'île de Sumatra. La langue appartient à la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes.

[it] Lingua minangkabau

La lingua minangkabau è una lingua austronesiana parlata dall'omonima popolazione nel Sumatra Occidentale, nella parte occidentale di Riau, nella reggenza di South Aceh, nella parte settentrionale delle province di Bengkulu e di Jambi in Indonesia e nello stato di Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia.

[ru] Минангкабау (язык)

Минангкаба́у (самоназвание: Baso Minang(kabau); индон. Bahasa Minangkabau) — язык австронезийской семьи, распространён среди народа минангкабау на Западной Суматре, в западной части Риау, а также — в нескольких общинах народа минангкабау в разных городах Индонезии. Также распространён в некоторых регионах Малайзии среди мигрантов из региона Минанг на Суматре, и в провинции Ачех, где он называется Aneuk jamee.


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