lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Ngadha (IPA: [ŋaᶑa], previously spelled Ngaʼda) is an Austronesian language, one of six languages spoken in the central stretch of the Indonesian island of Flores.[2] From west to east these languages are Ngadha, Nage, Keo, Ende, Lio, and Palu'e. These languages form the proposed Central Flores group of the Sumba–Flores languages, according to Blust (2009).[3]

Ngadha
Bahasa Ngaʼda
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Flores
Native speakers	(ca. 65,000 cited 1994–1995)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern MP Sumba–Flores Ende–Manggarai Central Flores Ngadha–Soʼa Ngadha
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: nxg – Ngadʼa [sic] nea – Eastern Ngadʼa [sic]
Glottolog	ngad1261

Ngadha is one of the few languages with a retroflex implosive /ᶑ /.

Phonology

The sound system of Ngadha is as follows.[4]

Vowels

Ngadha vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə̆	o
Low		a

The short vowel /ə̆/ is written ⟨e⟩ followed by a double consonant, since phonetically a consonant becomes geminate after /ə̆/. It is never stressed and does not form sequences with other vowels except where glottal stop has dropped (e.g. limaessa 'six', from lima 'five' and 'essa 'one').

Within vowel sequences, epenthetic [j] may appear after an unrounded vowel (e.g. in /eu/, /eo/) and [w] after a rounded vowel (e.g. in /oe/, /oi/). Double vowels are sequences. Vowels tend to be voiceless between voiceless consonants and pre-pausa after voiceless consonants.

Stress is on the penultimate syllable, unless that contains the vowel /ə̆/, in which case stress is on the final syllable.

Consonants

Ngadha consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	unaspirated	b	d̪		dʒ		ɡ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ			kʰ
	implosive	ɓ				ᶑ
Fricative	voiced	v		z			ɣ
	voiceless	f		s			x
Liquid	lateral			l
	trill			r

The implosives have been spelled ⟨ʼb ʼd⟩ and ⟨bh dh⟩. The velar fricatives are spelled ⟨h, gh⟩.

Intervocalically the implosives are preceded by a glottal stop. Initial /ɓ/ may be voiceless when the following consonant is also an implosive.

The trill is short, and may have only one or two contacts.

Glottal stop contrasts with zero in initial position, as in inu 'drink' vs 'inu 'tiny'. In rapid speech it tends to drop intervocalically.

Phonetically [#C̩CV] words are analyzed as having an initial schwa. In initial position the consonant is always voiced (otherwise the schwa remains). Examples are emma [mma] 'father', emmu [mmu] 'mosquito', enna [nna] 'sand', Ennga [ŋŋa] (name), ebba [bba] 'swadling sling', ebbu [bbu] 'grandparents', Ebbo [bbo] (name), erro [rro] 'sun'. Also in medial position with voiceless consonants, as in limaessa [limassa] 'six'.

References

External links

• Ngadha Basic Vocabulary Database, University of Auckland

На других языках

---

[de] Ngada (Sprache)

Ngada (auch Ngad'a oder Ngadha) ist eine im Zentralteil von Flores vom gleichnamigen Volk der Ngada gesprochene Sprache. Sie gehört zu den zentral-östlichen-malayo-polynesischen Sprachen der malayo-polynesischen Sprachen innerhalb der austronesischen Sprachen.

---

- [en] Ngadha language

---

[fr] Ngadha (langue)

Le ngadha (ou ngad'a) est une langue austronésienne parlée en Indonésie, dans l'île de Florès. La langue appartient à la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes.

---

---