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Madurese (bhâsa Madhurâ; Pegon: بْاْسا مادْوراْ‎) is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and Eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands and even some on Kalimantan. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on Arabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 8–13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean Madurese, which is a dialect of Madurese, also spoken by Baweanese descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.

This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article. (April 2021)

Madurese
bhâsa Madhurâ بْاْسا مادْوراْ‎
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Island of Madura, Sapudi Islands, Java, Singapore and Malaysia (as Boyanese)
Ethnicity	Madurese Baweanese
Native speakers	6.7 million (2011)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Madurese
Dialects	Bawean Bangkalan Pamekasan Sampang Sapudi Sumenep
Writing system	Latin script Carakan script Pegon alphabet
Official status
Recognised minority language in	East Java (with Javanese and Indonesian)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	mad
ISO 639-3	mad – Standard Madurese
Glottolog	madu1247

Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.

Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form (common form).^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.[2]

Vowels

Madurese vowels

	Front	Central	Back
			unrounded	rounded
Close	/i/ ꦆ ⟨i⟩	/ɨ/ ꦆ ⟨e⟩		/u/ ꦈ ⟨u⟩
Mid	/ɛ/ ꦌ ⟨è⟩	/ə/ ꦄꦼ ⟨e⟩	/ɤ/ ꦄꦼꦴ ⟨â⟩	/ɔ/ ꦎ ⟨o⟩
Open		/a/ ꦄ ⟨a⟩

Consonants

Madurese consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ ꦩ ⟨m⟩	/n̪/ ꦤ ⟨n⟩	/ɳ/ ꦟ ⟨ṇ⟩	/ɲ/ ꦚ ⟨ny⟩	/ŋ/ ꦔ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ ꦥ ⟨p⟩	/t̪/ ꦠ ⟨t⟩	/ʈ/ ꦛ ⟨ṭ⟩	/c/ ꦕ ⟨c⟩	/k/ ꦏ ⟨k⟩	/ʔ/ ꦃ ⟨'⟩
	voiced	/b/ ꦧ ⟨b⟩	/d̪/ ꦢ ⟨d⟩	/ɖ/ ꦣ ⟨ḍ⟩	/ɟ/ ꦗ ⟨j⟩	/ɡ/ ꦒ ⟨g⟩
	aspirated	/pʰ/ ꦧ ⟨bh⟩	/t̪ʰ/ ꦢ ⟨dh⟩	/ʈʰ/ ꦣ ⟨ḍh⟩	/cʰ/ ꦗ ⟨jh⟩	/kʰ/ ꦒ ⟨gh⟩
Fricative			/s/ ꦱ ⟨s⟩				/h/ ꦲ ⟨h⟩
Trill			/r/ ꦫ ⟨r⟩
Approximant	central				/j/ ꦪ ⟨y⟩	/w/ ꦮ ⟨w⟩
	lateral		/l/ ꦭ ⟨l⟩

Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated, voiced aspirated. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar (even retroflex) stops.[3][4]

The letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are used in loanwords.[5]

Morphology

Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.[6]

Common words

Madurese	Indonesian	English
lakè’ لاكَيء	laki-laki	male
binè’ بينَيء	perempuan	female
iyâ إياْ	iya	yes
enja′ أٓنجاْء	tidak	no
aèng [aèŋ] أأَيڠ	air	water
arè أرَي	matahari	sun
mata ماتا	mata	eye
sèngko' سَيڠكَوء	aku/saya	I/me
bâ'na باْءنا	kamu/engkau	you

Numerals

Madurese	Indonesian	English
sèttong سَيتَّوڠ	satu	one
duwâ' دوواْء	dua	two
tello' تٓلَّوء	tiga	three
empa' أٓمڤاء	empat	four
lèma’ لَيماء	lima	five
ennem أٓنّٓم	enam	six
pètto’ ڤَيتَّوء	tujuh	seven
bâllu’ باْلّوء	delapan	eight
sanga′ ساڠاء	sembilan	nine
sapolo ساڤَولَو	sepuluh	ten

Sample text

From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Sâdhâjâna orèng lahèr mardhika èsarengè dhrâjhât klabân ha'-ha' sè padâ. Sâdhâjâna èparèngè akal sareng nurani bân kodhu areng-sareng akanca kadhi tarètan.
ساْدْاْجاْنا أَورَيڠ لاهَير ماردْيكا أَيسارٓڠي دْراْجْاْت كلاباْن هاء-هاء سَي ڤاداْ. ساْدْاْجاْنا أَيڤارَيڠي أكال سارٓڠ نوراني باْن كَودْو أرٓڠ-سارٓڠ أكانچا كادْي تارَيتان

"All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

References

Bibliography

На других языках

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[de] Maduresische Sprache

Die maduresische Sprache (indonesisch: Bahasa Madura, Eigenbezeichnung: Basa Madhura) ist eine auf der indonesischen Insel Madura sowie auf einigen Inseln im östlichen Teil der Provinz Ostjava gesprochene Sprache. Das Maduresische ist eng verwandt mit der Sprache Kangean (letzteres wird auch als Dialekt des Maduresischen betrachtet); beide gehören zum westlichen Zweig der malayo-polynesischen Gruppe der austronesischen Sprachfamilie.[1] Maduresich wurde traditionell in javanischer Schrift geschrieben, heute ist jedoch das lateinische Alphabet gebräuchlicher. Die Zahl der Sprecher wird, obwohl abnehmend, auf 8–10 Millionen geschätzt.

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- [en] Madurese language

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[fr] Madurais (langue)

Le madurais est une langue austronésienne parlée en Indonésie.

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[it] Lingua madurese

La lingua madurese o madura o madhura è una lingua austronesiana parlata in Indonesia. Al 2022, è parlata da 7,8 milioni di parlanti totali[1].

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[ru] Мадурский язык

Маду́рский язык (Bhâsa Madhurâ) — австронезийский язык, используемый мадурцами, проживающими на индонезийском острове Мадура, на северо-востоке острова Ява и в ряде других районов Индонезии. Численность носителей — около 13,6 миллионов человек, из них около 4 миллионов на Мадуре (практически всё население острова), более 8 миллионов на Яве, около 350 тысяч на десятках мелких островов Яванского моря, более 260 тысяч на индонезийской части Калимантана[1].

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