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The Batak languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Batak people in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra and surrounding areas.

Batak
Toba–Batak
Geographic distribution	Sumatra, Indonesia
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Batak
Proto-language	Proto-Batak
Subdivisions	Northern Batak Southern Batak
ISO 639-2 / 5	btk
Glottolog	toba1265
The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra

Internal classification

The Batak languages can be divided into two main branches, Northern Batak and Southern Batak. Simalungun was long considered an intermediary, but in current classifications it is recognized as part of the Southern branch.[1][2] Within Northern Batak, a study noted 76% cognate words between Karo and Alas, 81% with Pakpak, 80% with Simalungun, and 30% with Malay (Indonesian).[3] Karo and Toba Batak are mutually unintelligible.

Batak languages	Northern   Pakpak (Dairi)     Karo     Alas-Kluet     Southern   Simalungun       Toba       Angkola     Mandailing

Mandailing and Angkola are closer related to each other than to Toba. The geographical influences on the Batak languages can be seen in the map in the infobox; Lake Toba separates the Karo from direct contact with the Toba.

Reconstruction

Proto-Batak
Reconstruction of	Batak languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

The Batak languages can be shown to descend from a hypothetical common ancestor, Proto-Batak (which in turn originates from Proto-Austronesian). The sound system of Proto-Batak was reconstructed by Adelaar (1981).[2]

Proto-Batak consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	*p	*t	*c	*k
	voiced	*b	*d	*j	*ɡ
Fricative				*s		*h
Nasal		*m	*n		*ŋ
Semivowel		*w		*y
Lateral			*l
Trill			*r

Proto-Batak Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	*i		*u
Mid		*ə
Low		*a

Final diphthongs: *-uy, *-ey, *-ow.

The Proto-Batak sounds underwent the following changes in the individual daughter languages:[2]

• Proto-Batak *k became h in initial and medial position in the Southern Batak languages:

Proto-Batak *kalak > Toba, Simalungun halak; Karo kalak 'person'

Proto-Batak *dukut> Toba, Simalungun duhut; Karo dukut 'grass'

• Proto-Batak *h was lost in Toba, Angkola and Mandailing:

Proto-Batak *pərəh > Toba poro, Simalungun poroh, Karo pereh /pərəh/ 'wring out'

• Proto-Batak final voiced stops *b, *d, and *g are retained only in Simalungun. In Toba, Angkola and Mandailing, they are unvoiced, while in the Northern Batak languages, they changed to homorganic nasals (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/):

Proto-Batak *dələg > Simalungun dolog, Toba dolok, Karo deleng /dələŋ/ 'mountain'.

• The central vowel *ə is retained in the Northern languages, and shifted to /o/ in the Southern languages:

Proto-Batak *ənəm > Karo enem (/ənəm/), Toba onom 'six'

• Proto-Batak diphthongs are only retained in Simalungun, but shifted to monophthongs in all other Batak languages:

Proto-Batak *apuy > Simalungun apuy; all other languages api 'fire'

Proto-Batak *matey > Simalungun matei; all other languages mate 'dead'

Proto-Batak *pulow > Simalungun pulou; all other languages pulo 'island'

Writing system

Historically, the Batak languages were written using the Batak script, but the Latin script is now used for most writing.

References

External links

• http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/batak/
• Batak languages at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).

На других языках

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[de] Bataksprachen

Bataksprachen sind eine in Nordsumatra vom Volk der Batak gesprochene Sprachgruppe. Sie gehört zum Nordwest-Sumatra-Zweig der malayo-polynesischen Sprachen innerhalb der austronesischen Sprachen. Früher wurden die Bataksprachen in Batak-Schrift geschrieben, heute wird meist die lateinische Schrift verwendet. Es gibt zwei Hauptsprachgruppen, Nördliches Batak und Südliches Batak. Simalungun wurde früher als eine Zwischenstufe zwischen nördlichem Batak und südlichem Batak angesehen, aber neuere Studien legen nahe, dass es eher ein Teil der südlichen Batak-Gruppe ist.[2]

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- [en] Batak languages

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[it] Lingue batak

Le lingue Batak sono sette lingue, parlate dal popolo Batak stanziati nella provincia di Sumatra Settentrionale in Indonesia. le lingue Batak appartengono alla Famiglia linguistica austrnesiana, gruppo Lingue maleo-polinesiache, ramo Lingue di Sumatra nord-occidentali.

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[ru] Батакские языки

Батакские языки — группа из 7 языков, распространённых среди батакских племён на севере Суматры (Индонезия).

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