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The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[1]

Sangiric
Geographic distribution	northern Sulawesi
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Sangiric
Subdivisions	North Talaud Sangirese South Bantik Ratahan
Glottolog	sang1335

Classification

The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[2]

• North Sangiric
  • Talaud
  • Sangirese (two variants: Sangir in Indonesia and Sangil in the Philippines)
• South Sangiric
  • Bantik
  • Ratahan

The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.

Reconstruction

Proto-Sangiric
Reconstruction of	Sangiric languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Philippine

Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[2]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	*i		*u
Mid	*e	*ə	*o
Open		*a

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	*p	*t		*k	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d		*g
Fricative			*s
Nasal		*m	*n		*ŋ
Lateral			*l
Approximant		*w		*y	*R

The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud [ʒ ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].

Vocabulary

The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114 harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFSneddon1984 (help)) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.

Comparison table

Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn)
Talaud	Sangir	Sangil	Bantik	Ratahan	PSan	PAn	Meaning
biβikka	biβihəʔ	biβirəʔ	bíbihiʔ	βiβi	*bibiR	*bibiR	'lip'
tallu	təlu	taw	tulu	tulú	*təlu	*təlu	'three'
anumma	ənuŋ	nuŋ	nuŋ	num	*ənum	*ənəm	'six'
manuʔa	manuʔ	manuʔ	manuʔ	manuk	*manuk	*manuk	'fowl'
duʒi	duhi	duri	duhi	rui	*duRi	*duRi	'bone'
paɭ̆adda	paɭ̆edəʔ	paɭ̆edəʔ	páledeʔ	paler	*paled	*palaj	'palm, sole'
daɭ̆anna	daɭ̆eŋ	daɭ̆eŋ	daleŋ	ralen	*dalen	*zalan	'road'
Sangiric innovations
Talaud	Sangir	Sangil	Bantik	Ratahan	PSan	PAn	Meaning
inassa	kinaʔ	kinaʔ	kínasaʔ	kinas	*kinas	(*Sikan)	'fish'
deno	denoʔ	denoʔ	deno	reno	*deno	(*diRus)	'bathe'
ʒodo	horo	roro	hodow	ʰorow	*Rodaw	(*Cazəm)	'sharp'

See also

• Minahasan languages
• Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
• Languages of Sulawesi

References

External links

• Sangiric at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).

На других языках

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[de] Sangir-Sprachen

Die Sangir-Sprachen bilden einen Zweig der malayo-polynesischen Sprachen innerhalb der austronesischen Sprachen.[1] Die Gruppe von Sprachen wird auf den Sangir-Inseln und Talaudinseln in Nordsulawesi und auf Inseln der Philippinen gesprochen. Nach Zorc (1986) und Blust (1991) zählen sie zu den philippinischen Sprachen.[2][3]

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- [en] Sangiric languages

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