lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Central Tibetan, also known as Dbus, Ü or Ü-Tsang, is the most widely spoken Tibetic language and the basis of Standard Tibetan.

Central Tibetan
Ü-Tsang
དབུས་སྐད་, Dbus skad / Ükä དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་, Dbus-gtsang skad / Ü-tsang kä
The name of the language written in the Tibetan script
Pronunciation	[wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ]
Native to	India, Nepal, China (Tibet Autonomous Region)
Native speakers	(1.2 million cited 1990 census)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri ? Bodish Tibetic Central Tibetan
Standard forms	Standard Tibetan
Writing system	Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: bod – Lhasa Tibetan dre – Dolpo hut – Humla, Limi lhm – Lhomi (Shing Saapa) muk – Mugom (Mugu) kte – Nubri ola – Walungge (Gola) loy – Lowa/Loke (Mustang) tcn – Tichurong
Glottolog	tibe1272  Tibetan sout3216  South-Western Tibetic (partial match) basu1243  Basum
ELP	Walungge
	Dolpo[2]
	Lhomi[3]
Shingsaba is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Dbus and Ü are forms of the same name. Dbus is a transliteration of the name in Tibetan script, དབུས་, whereas Ü is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, [wy˧˥˧ʔ] (or [y˧˥˧ʔ]). That is, in Tibetan, the name is spelled Dbus and pronounced Ü. All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the prestige dialect of Lhasa.

Languages or dialects

There are many mutually intelligible Central Tibetan languages besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:

Limi (Limirong), Mugum, Dolpo (Dolkha), Mustang (Lowa, Lokä), Humla, Nubri, Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, Walungchung Gola (Walungge/Halungge), Tseku

Basum (most divergent, possibly a separate language)

Ethnologue reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam.

Glottolog reports these South-Western Tibetic languages as forming a separate subgroup of languages within Central Tibetan languages, but that Thudam is not a distinct variety. On the opposite, Glottolog does not classify Basum within Central Tibetan but leaves it unclassified within Tibetic languages.

Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with Khams.[4]

Consonants

IPA Tibetan writing Wade–Giles Tibetan Pinyin [k] ཀ་ k g [kʰ] ཁ་ ག་ kh, g k [ŋ] ང་ ng ng [tɕ] ཅ་ c j [tɕʰ] ཆ་ ཇ་ ch, j q [ɲ] ཉ་ ny ny [t] ཏ་ t d [tʰ] ཐ་ ད་ th, d t [n] ན་ n n [p] པ་ p b [pʰ] ཕ་ བ་ ph, b p [m] མ་ m m [ts] ཙ་ ts z [tsʰ] ཚ་ ཛ་ tsh, dz c [w] ཝ་ w w

IPA Tibetan writing Wade–Giles Tibetan Pinyin [ɕ] ཞ་ ཤ་ zh, sh x [s] ཟ་ ས་ z, s s [j] ཡ་ y y [ɹ] ར་ r r [l] ལ་ l l [h] ཧ་ h h [c] ཀྱ་ gy gy [cʰ] ཁྱ་ གྱ་ ky ky [tʂ] ཀྲ་ kr zh [tʂʰ] ཁྲ་ གྲ་ khr, gr ch [ʂ] ཧྲ་ hr sh [ɬ] ལྷ་ lh lh

• འ isn't commonly transliterated to Roman, in the Wade–Giles system ' is used.

Vowels

ཨ（◌）

ཨ།	ཨའུ།	ཨག། ཨགས།	ཨང༌། ཨངས།	ཨབ། ཨབས།	ཨམ། ཨམས།	ཨར།	ཨལ། ཨའི།	ཨད། ཨས།	ཨན།
a	au	ag	aŋ	ab	am	ar	ai/ä	ai/ä	ain/än
ཨི། ཨིལ། ཨའི།	ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ།	ཨིག། ཨིགས།	ཨིང༌། ཨིངས།	ཨིབ། ཨིབས།	ཨིམ། ཨིམས།	ཨིར།		ཨིད། ཨིས།	ཨིན།
i	iu	ig	iŋ	ib	im	ir		i	in
ཨུ།		ཨུག། ཨུགས།	ཨུང༌། ཨུངས།	ཨུབ། ཨུབས།	ཨུམ། ཨུམས།	ཨུར།	ཨུལ། ཨུའི།[VOW 1]	ཨུད། ཨུས།	ཨུན།
u		ug	uŋ	ub	um	ur	ü	ü	ün
ཨེ། ཨེལ། ཨེའི།		ཨེག། ཨེགས།	ཨེང༌། ཨེངས།	ཨེབ། ཨེབས།	ཨེམ། ཨེམས།	ཨེར།		ཨེད། ཨེས།	ཨེན།
ê		êg	êŋ	êb	êm	êr		ê	ên
ཨོ།		ཨོག། ཨོགས།	ཨོང༌། ཨོངས།	ཨོབ། ཨོབས།	ཨོམ། ཨོམས།	ཨོར།	ཨོལ། ཨོའི།	ཨོད། ཨོས།	ཨོན།
o		og	oŋ	ob	om	or	oi/ö	oi/ö	oin/ön

Pronunciation

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin	IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[a]	a	a
[ɛ]	al, a'i	ai/ä	[ɛ̃]	an	ain/än
[i]	i, il, i'i	i	[ĩ]	in	in
[u]	u	u
[y]	ul, u'i	ü	[ỹ]	un	ün
[e]	e, el, e'i	ê	[ẽ]	en	ên
[o]	o	o
[ø]	ol, o'i	oi/ö	[ø̃]	on	oin/ön

一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".

Conjunct vowels

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[au]	a'u	au
[iu]	i'u, e'u	iu

Last consonant

IPA	Wade–Giles	Tibetan Pinyin
[ʔ]	d, s	none
[n]		n
[k/ʔ]	g, gs	g
[ŋ]	ng, ngs	ng
[p]	b, bs	b
[m]	m, ms	m
[r]	r	r

See also

• Lhasa Tibetan
• Amdo Tibetan
• Ladakhi language
• Balti language
• Ü-Tsang

References

На других языках

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- [en] Central Tibetan

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[fr] Tibétain central

Le tibétain central, également connu sous les noms de Dbus, Ü (dbus) ou Ü-Tsang, est la langue parlée la plus répandue des langues tibétiques et la base du tibétain standard.

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[ru] Центральный тибетский язык

Центральный тибетский язык, известный как дбус (тиб. དབུས་), ю (тиб. དབུས་སྐད་), ю-тсанг (тиб. དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་), является наиболее широко распространённым тибетским языком и основой стандартного языка.

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