lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Central Dusun, also known as Bunduliwan (Dusun: Boros Dusun), is one of the more widespread languages spoken by the Dusun (including Kadazan) peoples of Sabah, Malaysia.

This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (October 2020)

Central Dusun
Boros Dusun
Bunduliwan
Native to	Malaysia, Brunei
Region	Sabah and Federal Territory of Labuan
Ethnicity	Dusun people, Kadazan people
Native speakers	(140,000 Central Dusun cited 1991)[1] 100,000 ethnic population other dialects (1981–2000)[1][may need to subtract 15k Sugut and Minokok]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian North Bornean Southwest Sabahan Dusunic Dusun Kadazan Central Dusun
Language codes
ISO 639-3	dtp
Glottolog	cent2100

Kadazandusun language standardisation

What is termed as "Central Dusun" (or simply, "Dusun") and "Coastal Kadazan" (or simply, "Kadazan") are deemed to be highly mutually intelligible to one other; many consider these to be part of a single language.

Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language.[2][3] This dialect, spoken in the Bundu and Liwan valleys of the Crocker Range (now parts of the present-day districts of Ranau, Tambunan and Keningau), was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.

Alphabet and pronunciation

Dusun is written using the Latin alphabet using 22 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are used in loanwords):

A B D G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z

These characters together are called Pimato.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Fricative			s			h
Rhotic			r
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

Semivowels /w j/ and rhotic /r/ only occur in most of the other dialects of the Dusun/Kadazan languages. Forschner (1978) and Antonissen (1958) list two fricatives /v z/ for the Rungus and Penampang Kadazan dialects. [x] is also listed as an allophone of /k/ in word-medial position.[4]

Vowels

The vowels are divided into:

Simple vowels: /i u a o/

Diphthongs: aa ai (sometimes pronounced /e/) ii oi uu

Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: ao ia iu ui ue. In some words aa is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: a'a.

Grammar

Personal pronouns

Tindal Dusun[5] has a Philippine-type focus system of syntax that makes one particular noun phrase in a sentence the most prominent. This prominent, focused noun phrase does not need to be the subject or the agent of the clause. In clauses with pronouns, the verbal morphology and the pronoun both indicate focus. If the verb carries actor focus morphology, the actor of the clause will therefore be a nominative pronoun (or, rarely, an emphatic pronoun). Any other noun phrase in the clause will necessarily take pronouns from a different set, as only one noun phrase can be in focus in any given clause.

Tindal pronouns

Gloss	Nominative	Genitive	Oblique	Emphatic
1sg	oku	ku	doho	yoho
2sg	ko	nu	diaʔ	jaʔ
3sg	isio	disio~dow	isio
1in	toko			jatiʔ
1ex	jahaj~jahɛː	dahɛː		jahɛː
2pl	jokow	dokow	jokow
3pl	joloʔ	dioloʔ	joloʔ

Kadazandusun pronouns[6]

Gloss	Emphatic	Nominative	Genitive	Oblique
1sg	yoku	oku	ku	doho
1du	yato/iyahai	kito/iyahai/ikoi	dato/dahai
1pl	yotokou	tokou		dotokou
2sg	ika/ia'	ko/ika/ia'	nu	dia'/dika
2pl	ikoyu	kou	dikoyu
3sg.m	isio		disido/dau
3sg.f	isido		dosido/dau
3pl	yolo		diolo

Sentence structure

A typical Dusun sentence is VSO.[7]

It is, however, possible for a grammatically-correct Dusun sentence to be SVO.

Vocabulary

Numerals[8]

English	Dusun
one	iso
two	duo
three	tolu
four	apat
five	limo
six	onom
seven	turu
eight	walu
nine	siam
ten	hopod
hundred	hatus
thousand	soriong

To form numbers such as fifty or sixty, a multiplier is combined with a positional unit (tens, hundreds, thousands etc), using no.

Separate units are combined with om.

Months[9]

English	Dusun
January	Milatok
February	Mansak
March	Gomot
April	Ngiop
May	Mikat
June	Lumahas
July	Madas
August	Magus
September	Manom
October	Gumas
November	Milau
December	Momuhau

The Dusun name of the months derive from the traditional cycle of paddy harvesting.

Days of the week[9]

English	Dusun
	Dusun name	Numerical[citation needed]
Monday	Tontolu	Tadau koiso
Tuesday	Mirod	Tadau koduo
Wednesday	Madsa	Tadau kotolu
Thursday	Tadtaru	Tadau kaapat
Friday	Kurudu	Tadau kolimo
Saturday	Kukuak	Tadau koonom
Sunday	Tiwang	Tadau koturu/minggu

The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers.^{[citation needed]} The names of Dusun days as part of the seven-day week derive from the life cycle of a butterfly.

Interrogatives[6][8]

English	Dusun
what	nunu/onu
who	isai
where	hombo/nonggo
when	soira
why	okuro
how	poingkuro
how many	piro/songkuro

Examples

Genesis 1:1–5

1 ¹ Tontok di timpuun i' om wonsoyo' nod Kinorohingan o tawan om pomogunan. ² Aiso' po suang do pomogunan, om aiso' o poimpasi; om noolitan di rahat dot opuhod, om odondom o kotuongo'. Nga' mintongkop i' i Rusod do Kinorohingan do hiri'd soibau di waig. ³ Om pomoros no o Kinorohingan do poingkaa, ''Nawau no,'' ka – om haro noddi o tanawau. ⁴ Om kokito nod Kinorohingan dot osonong i tanawau, om potongkiado' no dau i tanawau do mantad id totuong. ⁵ Om pungaranai nod Kinorohingan do ''Dangadau'' i tanawau, om "Dongotuong" i totuong. Om korikot no sosodopon om korikot nogiddi kosuabon – iri no tadau do koiso'.[10]

Austronesian languages comparison table

Below is a table of Dusun and other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.

English	one	two	three	four	person	house	dog	coconut	day	new	we (inclusive)	what	fire
Dusun	iso	duo	tolu	apat	tulun	walai	tasu	piasau	tadau	wagu	tokou	onu/nu	tapui
Kadazan	iso	duvo	tohu	apat	tuhun	hamin	tasu	piasau	tadau	vagu	tokou	onu	tapui
Tombulu (Minahasa)	esa	zua (rua)	telu	epat	tou	walé	asu	po'po'	endo	weru	kai, kita	apa	api
Tagalog	isa	dalawa	tatlo	apat	tao	bahay	aso	niyog	araw	bago	tayo	ano	apoy
Central Bikol	saro	duwa	tulo	apat	tawo	harong	ayam	niyog	aldaw	ba-go	kita	ano	kalayo
Rinconada Bikol	əsad	darwā	tolō	əpat	tawō	baləy	ayam	noyog	aldəw	bāgo	kitā	onō	kalayō
Waray	usa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	ayam/ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	anu	kalayo
Cebuano	usa/isa	duha	tulo	upat	tawo	balay	iro	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	unsa	kalayo
Hiligaynon	isa	duha	tatlo	apat	tawo	balay	ido	lubi	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Aklanon	isaea, sambilog, uno	daywa, dos	tatlo, tres	ap-at, kwatro	tawo	baeay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kaeayo
Kinaray-a	sara	darwa	tatlo	apat	tawo	balay	ayam	niyog	adlaw	bag-o	kita	ano	kalayo
Tausug	hambuuk	duwa	tu	upat	tau	bay	iru'	niyug	adlaw	ba-gu	kitaniyu	unu	kayu
Maranao	isa	dowa	t'lo	phat	taw	walay	aso	neyog	gawi'e	bago	tano	tonaa	apoy
Kapampangan	metung	adwa	atlu	apat	tau	bale	asu	ngungut	aldo	bayu	ikatamu	nanu	api
Pangasinan	sakey	dua, duara	talo, talora	apat, apatira	too	abong	aso	niyog	ageo	balo	sikatayo	anto	pool
Ilocano	maysa	dua	tallo	uppat	tao	balay	aso	niog	aldaw	baro	datayo	ania	apoy
Ivatan	asa	dadowa	tatdo	apat	tao	vahay	chito	niyoy	araw	va-yo	yaten	ango	apoy
Ibanag	tadday	dua	tallu	appa'	tolay	balay	kitu	niuk	aggaw	bagu	sittam	anni	afi
Yogad	tata	addu	tallu	appat	tolay	binalay	atu	iyyog	agaw	bagu	sikitam	gani	afuy
Gaddang	antet	addwa	tallo	appat	tolay	balay	atu	ayog	aw	bawu	ikkanetam	sanenay	afuy
Tboli	sotu	lewu	tlu	fat	tau	gunu	ohu	lefo	kdaw	lomi	tekuy	tedu	ofih
Malay (incl. Malaysian and Indonesian)	satu	dua	tiga	empat	orang	rumah	anjing, asu	kelapa, nyior (or nyiur)	hari	baru baharu	kita	apa anu	api
Javanese	siji	loro	telu	papat	uwong	omah	asu	klapa/kambil	hari	anyar/enggal	kita	apa/anu	geni
Acehnese	sa	duwa	lhèë	peuët	ureuëng	rumoh/balèë	asèë	u	uroë	barô	(geu)tanyoë	peuë	apuy
Lampung	sai	khua	telu	pak	jelema	lamban	asu	nyiwi	khani	baru	kham	api	apui
Buginese	sedi	dua	tellu	eppa	tau	bola	asu	kaluku	esso	baru	idi'	aga	api
Toba Batak	sada	dua	tolu	opat	halak	jabu	biang	harambiri	ari	baru	hita	aha	api
Tetum	ida	rua	tolu	haat	ema	uma	asu	nuu	loron	foun	ita	saida	ahi
Samoan	tasi	lua	tolu	fa	tagata	fale	taifau	niu	aso	fou	matou	ā	afi
Māori	tahi	rua	toru	wha	tangata	whare	kuri	kokonati	ra	hou	taua	aha	ahi
Tuvaluan	tasi	lua	tolu	fá	toko	fale	kuri	moku	aso	fou	tāua	ā	afi
Hawaiian	kahi	lua	kolu	hā	kanaka	hale	'īlio	niu	ao	hou	kākou	aha	ahi
Banjarese	asa	duwa	talu	ampat	urang	rūmah	hadupan	kǎlapa	hǎri	hanyar	kita	apa	api
Malagasy	isa	roa	telo	efatra	olona	trano	alika	voanio	andro	vaovao	isika	inona	afo
Iban	satu	dua	tiga	empat	orang	rumah	asu	nyur	ari	baru	kitai	nama	api
Melanau	satu	dua	telou	empat	apah	lebok	asou	nyior	lau	baew	teleu	nama	apui

References

External links

• Kadazandusun Language Foundation
• Kadazandusun Online Vocabulary Sharing
• Numbers in Dusun (Dynamic)
• Colletion of Central Dusun sentences at tatoeba.org
• Colletion of Central Dusun sentences with audio at tatoeba.org

---