lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageMolbog is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines and Sabah, Malaysia. Majority of speakers are concentrated at the southernmost tip of the Philippine province of Palawan, specifically the municipalities of Bataraza and Balabac. Both municipalities are considered as bastions for environmental conservation in the province. The majority of Molbog speakers are Muslims.
Austronesian language
Molbog |
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Native to | Philippines, Sabah |
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Native speakers | (6,700 in the Philippines cited 1990)[1] |
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Language family | Austronesian
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Malayo-Polynesian
- Philippine
- Greater Central Philippine
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ISO 639-3 | pwm |
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Glottolog | molb1237 |
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The classification of Molbog is controversial.[2] Thiessen (1981) groups Molbog with the Palawanic languages, based on shared phonological and lexical innovations.[3] This classification is supported by Smith (2017).[4] An alternative view is taken by Lobel (2013), who puts Molbog together with Bonggi in a Molbog-Bonggi subgroup.[5]
Phonology
Consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Plosive |
voiceless |
p |
t |
|
k |
ʔ |
voiced |
b |
d |
(dʒ) |
ɡ |
|
Nasal |
m |
n |
(ɲ) |
ŋ |
|
Fricative |
|
s |
|
|
h |
Flap |
|
ɾ |
|
|
|
Lateral |
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l |
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Approximant |
w |
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j |
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- Sounds [dʒ, ɲ] occur as a result of loanwords from Spanish, Malay or dialects of the Sama language.
- /h/ only occurs marginally. While it was generally lost in inherited words, it is retained in some words e.g. luhaʔ 'tears', probably through re-borowing.[6]
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i |
|
u |
Mid |
|
|
o |
Open |
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a |
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References
- Molbog at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 44–118. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0060. JSTOR 40783586. S2CID 145459318.
- Thiessen, Henry Arnold (1981). Phonological reconstruction of Proto Palawan. Anthropological Papers, no. 10. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines.
- Smith, Alexander (2017). The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
- Lobel, Jason William (2013). "Southwest Sabah Revisited". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (1): 36–68. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0013. JSTOR 43286760. S2CID 142990330.
- Zorc, R. David; Thiessen, H. Arnold (1995). Molbog: introduction and wordlist. Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies: Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 359–362.
Greater North Borneo |
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North Borneo * | Northeast Sabah * | |
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Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | Bisaya–Lotud | |
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Dusunic | |
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Paitanic | |
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Greater Murutic * | |
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North Sarawak * | |
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Central Sarawak | |
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Kayanic | |
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Land Dayak | |
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Malayo–Chamic * | |
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Sundanese | |
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Rejang ? | |
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Moklenic ? | |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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Austronesian languages |
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Formosan languages |
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Rukaic | |
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Tsouic | |
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Northern | Atayalic | |
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Northwest Formosan | |
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East | |
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Southern ? | |
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Malayo–Polynesian |
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Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian |
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Philippine (linkage) ? | Batanic | |
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Northern Luzon | | Cagayan Valley | |
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Northeastern Luzon | |
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Meso-Cordilleran | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Northern Mindoro | |
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Greater Central Philippine * | Southern Mindoro | |
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Central Philippine | | Bisayan | West | |
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Asi | |
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Central | |
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Cebuan | |
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South | |
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Bikol | |
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Mansakan | |
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Palawan | |
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Mindanao | |
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Gorontalo– Mongondow | |
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Kalamian | |
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Bilic | |
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Sangiric | |
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Minahasan | |
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Manide–Inagta * | |
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Greater Barito * | |
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Greater North Borneo * | North Borneo * | Northeast Sabah * | |
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Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | Bisaya–Lotud | |
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Dusunic | |
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Paitanic | |
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Greater Murutic * | |
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North Sarawak * | |
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Central Sarawak | |
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Kayanic | |
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Land Dayak | |
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Malayo–Chamic * | |
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Sundanese | |
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Rejang ? | |
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Moklenic ? | |
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Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
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Lampungic | |
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Javanese | |
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Madurese | |
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Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
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Celebic | Bungku–Tolaki | |
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Muna–Buton | |
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Saluan–Banggai | |
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Tomini–Tolitoli | |
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Kaili–Wolio * | |
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South Sulawesi | Bugis | |
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Makassaric | |
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Seko | |
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Northern | |
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Isolates | |
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| Central Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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Bima | |
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Sumba–Flores | |
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Flores–Lembata | |
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Selaru | |
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Kei–Tanimbar ? | |
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Aru | |
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Timoric * | | Central Timor * | |
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Wetar–Galoli ? | |
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Kawaimina | |
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Luangic–Kisaric ? | |
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Rote–Meto * | |
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Babar | |
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Southwest Maluku | |
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Kowiai ? | |
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Central Maluku * | |
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| Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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SHWNG | | Halmahera Sea | Ambel–Biga | |
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Maya–Matbat | |
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Maden | |
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As | |
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South Halmahera | |
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Cenderawasih | |
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Oceanic | Admiralty | |
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Saint Matthias | |
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Temotu | Utupua | |
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Vanikoro | |
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Reefs–Santa Cruz | |
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Southeast Solomonic | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
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Malaita– San Cristobal | |
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Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | Willaumez | |
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Bali-Vitu | |
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New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | Tungag–Nalik | |
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Tabar | |
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Madak | |
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St. George | |
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Northwest Solomonic | |
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North New Guinea | Sarmi– Jayapura ? | |
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Schouten | |
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Huon Gulf | |
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Ngero–Vitiaz | |
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Papuan Tip | Nuclear | |
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Kilivila–Misima | |
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Nimoa–Sudest | |
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Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | Torres–Banks | |
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Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost | |
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South Pentecost | |
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Espiritu Santo | |
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Nuclear Southern Oceanic | Central Vanuatu | |
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South Vanuatu | |
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Loyalties– New Caledonia | Loyalty Islands | |
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New Caledonian | |
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Micronesian | |
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Central Pacific | |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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Languages of the Philippines |
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Official languages | |
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Regional languages | |
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Indigenous languages (by region) | Bangsamoro | |
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Bicol Region | |
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Cagayan Valley | |
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Calabarzon | |
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Caraga | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Central Visayas | |
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Cordillera | |
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Davao Region | |
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Eastern Visayas | |
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Ilocos Region | |
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Metro Manila | |
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Mimaropa | |
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Northern Mindanao | |
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Soccsksargen | |
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Western Visayas | |
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Zamboanga Peninsula | |
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Immigrant languages | |
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Sign languages | |
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Historical languages | |
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Languages of Malaysia |
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Main | Official |
- Malaysian
- English
- comparison with British English
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Significant minority | Chinese | |
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Indian | |
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Indonesian archipelago | |
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Philippine | |
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Families |
- Austroasiatic
- Austronesian
- North Bornean
- Kayan–Murik
- Land Dayak
- Malayic
- Philippine
- Sama–Bajaw
- Tai-Kadai
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Creoles | |
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Natives & Indigenous | |
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Mixed & Others | |
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Immigrants |
- African
- Arab
- Bangladeshi
- Burmese
- Cambodian
- East Timorese
- Filipino
- Indonesian
- comparison with Malaysian
- Iranian
- Japanese
- Korean
- Laotian
- Nepalese
- Pakistani
- Sri Lankan
- Thai
- Vietnamese
|
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Signs | |
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- 1 Extinct languages
- 2 Nearly extinct languages
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