lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Yapese is a language spoken by the people on the island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia). It belongs to the Austronesian languages, more specifically to the Oceanic branch of that family. It has been difficult to classify it further, but Yapese may prove to be one of the Admiralty Islands languages.[2]

Yapese
Thin nu Wa’ab
Native to	Federated States of Micronesia
Region	Island of Yap
Ethnicity	Yapese
Native speakers	5,130 (2005)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Admiralty Islands? Yapese
Dialects	Nguluwan
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2	yap
ISO 639-3	yap
Glottolog	yape1248
Yapese
Coordinates: 9.56°N 138.12°E / 9.56; 138.12

Orthography

Written Yapese uses Latin script. In Yapese spelling as practiced until the 1970s, the glottal stop was not written with an explicit character. A word-final glottal stop was represented by doubling the final vowel letter. Glottalization of consonants was represented with an apostrophe. In the 1970s an orthography was created which uses double vowel letters to represent long vowels; and because of the ambiguity that would occur if the glottal stop was not written, the glottal stop was written with the letter q. This new orthography using the letter q is not in universal use, but many works and maps about Yap write place names using the new q-orthography.

Phonology

Apart from a couple grammatical forms which are V, syllables are CV or CVC.

Consonants

Yapese is one of the relatively few languages in the world with ejective fricatives.[3] The Yapese ejective consonants are /pʼ tʼ kʼ fʼ θʼ/. There are also glottalised nasals /mˀ nˀ ŋˀ/ and approximants /jˀ wˀ lˀ/.[4]^{: 30, 34-35}

In the table below, each phoneme is listed to the left of the grapheme that represents it in Yapese orthography.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩		ŋ ⟨ng⟩
	glottalized	mˀ ⟨m'⟩		nˀ ⟨n'⟩		ŋˀ ⟨ng'⟩
Plosive	plain	p ⟨p⟩		t ⟨t⟩		k ⟨k⟩	ʔ ⟨q/[']⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨p'⟩		tʼ ⟨t'⟩		kʼ ⟨k'⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	θ ⟨th⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨ch⟩	x ⟨g⟩	(h) ⟨h⟩
	voiced	β ⟨b⟩	ð ⟨d⟩
	ejective	fʼ ⟨f'⟩[5]	θʼ ⟨th'⟩
Approximant	plain			l ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y/j⟩	w ⟨w⟩
	glottalized			lˀ ⟨l'⟩	jˀ ⟨y'⟩	wˀ ⟨w'⟩
Trill	plain			r ⟨r⟩

/h/ ⟨h⟩ and /j/ ⟨j⟩ only occur in English and Japanese loans (/j/ ⟨y⟩ does occur in native words, however).

Vowels

In the table below, each phoneme is listed to the left of the grapheme that represents it in Yapese orthography.

	Front				Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	ɪ ⟨i⟩	iː ⟨ii⟩					ʊ ⟨u⟩	ʊː ⟨uu⟩
Mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩	eː ⟨ee⟩	œ ⟨ö⟩	œː ⟨oe⟩	ʌ ⟨a⟩		ɔ ⟨o⟩	ɔː ⟨oo⟩
Near-open	æ ⟨ë⟩	æː ⟨ea⟩
Open	a ⟨ä⟩	aː ⟨ae⟩				ɑː ⟨aa⟩

Grammar

Morphology

Reduplication

Yapese makes use of reduplication for several morphological functions, including deriving stative adjectives from inchoative adjectives, as in (1a–b), as well as to make diminutives of verbs, as in (2a-b):[4]^: 112-114

(1a) roow become.red roow become.red 'to become red'	(1b) roow~roow STAT~red roow~roow STAT~red 'to be red'
(2a) toey chop toey chop 'to chop'	(2b) si-toey~toey DIM-DIM~chop si-toey~toey DIM-DIM~chop 'to chop a little'

Pronouns

Yapese distinguishes between three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and three persons (first, second, and third), as well as clusivity in its personal pronouns.[4]^: 134

Independent personal pronouns

	Singular	Dual	Plural
1.EXCL	gaeg	gamow	gamaed
1.INCL		gadow	gadaed
2	guur	gimeew	gimeed
3	qiir	yow	yaed

A Yapese Talking Dictionary was produced by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.

References

Bibliography

• Jensen, John Thayer. 1977. Yapese–English Dictionary. (PALI Language Texts: Micronesia.) Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

External links

• Yapese Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Jensen Yapese Dictionary On-Line at www.trussel2.com
• Chepin yuu Waqab ('Events on Yap'). Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Yaat nu Waqab ('Tales of Yap'). A Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Thaaboeg (this title is a man's name). A Yapese-language vernacular reader
• Written materials about Yapese plants and animals archived with Kaipuleohone
• Index cards of plant and animal names, labeled 'Carolines [animals].' and index cards of plant and animal names, labeled 'Carolines [plants].'
• Paradisec has two collections of Arthur Capell's materials (AC1, AC2), which include Yapese language materials
• Paradisec has an open access collection of Yapese texts and a dictionary from John Jensen

На других языках

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[de] Yapesische Sprache

Yapesisch (Eigenbezeichnung: Waab[2]) ist eine ozeanische Sprache, die auf der Insel Yap und zehn umliegenden Inseln in den Föderierten Staaten von Mikronesien von etwa 5.130 Personen gesprochen wird. Die Wortstellung ist Verb-Subjekt-Objekt.[1]

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- [en] Yapese language

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[fr] Yap (langue)

Le yap[1] est la langue parlée à Yap et dans l'État de Yap par 6 590 locuteurs (recensement de Yap de 1987) et par 7 170 locuteurs dans le monde entier (surtout les îles Carolines et les États-Unis). Faisant partie des langues océaniennes, le yap est néanmoins difficile à classer. C'est une langue VSO.

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[it] Lingua yapese

La lingua yapese (nome in inglese, nome locale Wa'ab) è una lingua oceanica parlata a Yap negli Stati Federati di Micronesia.

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[ru] Япский язык

Япский язык (яп) — океанийский язык, коренной язык жителей островов Яп, входящих в Федеративные Штаты Микронезии. Численность говорящих — 7170 человек (1987).

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