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The Bunun language (Chinese: 布農語) is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. It is one of the Formosan languages, a geographic group of Austronesian languages, and is subdivided in five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Isbukun, the dominant dialect, is mainly spoken in the south of Taiwan. Takbunuaz and Takivatan are mainly spoken in the center of the country. Takibaka and Takituduh both are northern dialects. A sixth dialect, Takipulan, became extinct in the 1970s.

Bunun
Native toTaiwan
EthnicityBunun people
Native speakers
38,000 (2002)[1]
Language family
Dialects
  • Isbukun
  • North–Central (Takitudu–Takbanua)
Writing system
Latin script
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Taiwan
Language codes
ISO 639-3bnn
Glottologbunu1267
Distribution of Bunun language (medium green, center)
Bunun is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Saaroa and Kanakanavu, two smaller minority groups who share their territory with an Isbukun Bunun group, have also adopted Bunun as their vernacular.


Name


The name Bunun literally means "human" or "man".


Dialects


Bunun is currently subdivided into five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Li (1988) splits these dialects into three main branches — Northern, Central, and Isbukun (also classified as Southern Bunun).[2] Takipulan, a sixth dialect, became extinct in the 1970s. Isbukun, the prestige dialect, is also the most divergent dialect. The most conservative dialects are in the Northern branch.

Bunun was originally spoken in and around Sinyi Township (Xinyi) in Nantou County.[3] From the 17th century onwards, the Bunun people expanded towards the south and east, absorbing other ethnic groups such as the Saaroa, Kanakanavu, and Thao. Bunun is spoken in an area stretching from Ren-ai Township in Nantou in the north to Yan-ping Township in Taitung in the south. Isbukun is distributed throughout Nantou, Taitung, and Kaohsiung. Takbanuaz is spoken in Nantou and southern Hualien County. Takivatan is spoken in Nantou and central Hualien. Both Takituduh and Takibakha are spoken in Nantou.


Phonology



Consonants


Consonant inventory
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ng
Plosive plain p t k q ʔ '
implosive ɓ b ɗ d
Fricative v ð z s χ h
Approximant l

Orthographic notes:

Notes:


Vowels


Vowel inventory
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e
Low a

Notes:


Grammar



Overview


Bunun is a verb-initial language and has an Austronesian alignment system or focus system. This means that Bunun clauses do not have a nominative–accusative or absolutive–ergative alignment, but that arguments of a clause are ordered according to which participant in the event described by the verb is 'in focus'. In Bunun, four distinct roles can be in focus:

Which argument is in focus is indicated on the verb by a combination of prefixes and suffixes.[6]

Many other languages with a focus system have different marking for patients, instruments and beneficiaries,[citation needed] but this is not the case in Bunun. The focussed argument in a Bunun clause will normally always occur immediately after the verb (e.g. in an actor-focus clause, the agent will appear before any other participant) and is in the Isbukun dialect marked with a post-nominal marker a.[6]

Bunun has a very large class of auxiliary verbs. Concepts that are expressed by auxiliaries include:

In fact, Bunun auxiliaries express all sorts of concepts that in English would be expressed by adverbial phrases, with the exception of time and place, which are normally expressed with adverbial phrases.


Word classes


Takivatan Bunun has the following word classes (De Busser 2009:189). (Note: Words in open classes can be compounded, whereas those in closed classes cannot.)

Open classes
  1. Nouns
  2. Verbs
  3. Adjectives
Closed classes
  1. Demonstratives
  2. Anaphoric pronouns
  3. Personal pronouns
  4. Numerals
  5. Place words
  6. Time words
  7. Manner words
  8. Question words
  9. Auxiliaries

Affixes


Bunun is morphologically agglutinative language and has a very elaborate set of derivational affixes (more than 200, which are mostly prefixes), most of which derive verbs from other word classes.[7] Some of these prefixes are special in that they do not only occur in the verb they derive, but are also foreshadowed on a preceding auxiliary. These are called lexical prefixes[8] or anticipatory prefixes[9] and only occur in Bunun and a small number of other Formosan languages.

Below are some Takivatan Bunun verbal prefixes from De Busser (2009).

Takivatan Bunun verbal prefixes
Type of prefix Neutral Causative Accusative
Movement from mu- pu- ku-
Dynamic event ma- pa- ka-
Stative event ma- / mi- pi- ka- / ki-
Inchoative event min- pin- kin-

In short:

A more complete list of Bunun affixes from De Busser (2009) is given below.

Focus
Tense-aspect-mood (TAM) affixes
Participant cross-reference
Locative prefixes
Event-type prefixes
Causative
Classification of events
Patient-incorporating prefixes
Verbalizers

Pronouns


Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453):

The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441).

Takivatan Bunun Personal Pronouns
Type of
Pronoun
Root Foc. Agent
(bound)
Non-Foc. Agent
(bound)
Neutral Foc. Agent Locative Possessive
1s. -ak- -(ʔ)ak -(ʔ)uk ðaku, nak sak, saikin ðakuʔan inak, ainak, nak
2s. -su- -(ʔ)as suʔu, su suʔuʔan isu, su
1p. (incl.) -at- mita ʔata, inʔata mitaʔan imita
1p. (excl.) -ðam- -(ʔ)am ðami, nam ðamu, sam ðamiʔan inam, nam
2p. -(a)mu- -(ʔ)am muʔu, mu amu muʔuʔan imu, mu
Takivatan Bunun
Third-Person Personal Pronouns
Singular Plural
[Root] -is- -in-
Proximal isti inti
Medial istun intun
Distal ista inta

Iskubun Bunun personal pronouns are somewhat different (De Busser 2009:454).

Iskubun Bunun Personal Pronouns
Type of
Pronoun
Agent Undergoer Possessive
1s. saikin, -ik ðaku, -ku inak, nak
2s. kasu, -as su isu, su
3s. saia saiʤa isaiʤa, saiʤa
1p. (incl.) kata, -ta mita imita
1p. (excl.) kaimin, -im ðami inam
2p. kamu, -am mu imu
3p. naia inaiʤa naiʤa

Demonstratives


Takivatan Bunun has the following demonstrative roots and affixes (De Busser 2009:454):

Demonstrative suffixes
  1. Proximal: -i
  2. Medial: -un
  3. Distal: -a
Demonstrative roots
  1. aip-: singular
  2. aiŋk-: vague plural
  3. aint-: paucal
  4. ait-: inclusive generic
Demonstrative prefixes
  1. Ø-: visible
  2. n-: not visible
Place words
  1. ʔiti here
  2. ʔitun there (medial)
  3. ʔita there (distal)

Function words


Takivatan Bunun also has definitive markers.

Takivatan Bunun
Definiteness Markers
Singular Plural
Proximal -ti -ki
Medial -tun -kun
Distal -ta -ka

Notes


  1. Bunun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1988. A Comparative Study of Bunun Dialects. In Li, Paul Jen-kuei, 2004, Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
  3. De Busser (2009), p. 63
  4. De Busser, Rik (14 May 2011). Introduction to the Bunun language (PDF). Languages of Taiwan, 2011. pp. 7–8.
  5. see Schachter & Otanes (1972) for a discussion of location in Tagalog
  6. Zeitoun (2000)
  7. Lin et al. (2001)
  8. Nojima (1996)
  9. Adelaar (2004)

References






На других языках


- [en] Bunun language

[fr] Bunun (langue)

Le bunun (en chinois, 布農語) est une langue austronésienne parlée par le peuple Bunun à Taïwan. Il fait partie de la branche des langues formosanes.

[it] Lingua bunun

La lingua bunun (in cinese, 布農語) è una lingua austronesiana (ramo formosano) parlata dal popolo Bunun a Taiwan. Secondo Ethnologue.com, nel [2008] la lingua era parlata da 38.000 persone.

[ru] Бунун (язык)

Бунун (кит. 布農語, бунун Bunun) — язык народа бунун, одной из аборигенных народностей острова Тайвань. Относится к тайваньским языкам австронезийской семьи. Выделяют пять диалектов: исбукун, такбунуаз и такиватан (центральная ветвь), такибака и такитудух (северная ветвь). Шестой диалект, такипулан, исчез в 1970-е годы. Распространён в центральной части острова, к югу от языка тароко. Численность носителей по данным на 2002 год составляет около 38 000 человек[2].



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