lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageAbellen, Abenlen, Aburlin, or Ayta Abellen, is a Sambalic language. It has about 3,500 speakers and is spoken in a few Aeta communities in Tarlac province, Philippines.[3] Ayta Abellen itself is part of the Sambalic language family in the Philippines and is closely related to not only the five other Ayta dialects but also the Botolan dialect of Sambal. Ethnologue reports 45 monolinguists.[4]
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
Abellen |
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Native to | Philippines |
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Region | Tarlac |
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Ethnicity | 5,000 Aeta (2008?)[1] |
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Native speakers | 3,000 (2008)[2] |
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Language family | |
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ISO 639-3 | abp |
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Glottolog | aben1249 |
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ELP | Abellen Ayta |
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Geographic distribution
Abellen Ayta speakers can be found in the following locations:
- Maamot, San Jose, Tarlac Province[5]
- Station Juliana, Mayantoc, Tarlac Province[5]
- Capas, Tarlac Province[5]
- Sitio Loob-Bunga, Barangay Poon Bato, Botolan, Zambales
History
Early history
The Ayta Abellen people are historically a semi-nomadic people. Also known as Negritos, they are said to be descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, dating back to the late Pleistocene Era.[6] The Ayta Abellen are distinguishable by their curly black hair, and darker skin tone as compared to other Filipinos.[7] Since their language is similar to otherAustronesian languages, there is a theory of an Austronesian migration that occurred. In this theory, there were two different migrations, one from the southern coast of Sundaland eastward and from Wallacea to Mindanao, causing there to be a separation of Ayta people and the Mamanwa for about 20,000 to 30,000 years. Prior to the Austronesian migration, there was not much similarity between the original languages of the Negritos.[6]
Modern history and revitalization
After the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the 1990s, some of the Ayta Abellen have relocated from the mountains and have intermarried and mixed in with the local Ilocano people.[8] As a result, there are Ilocano loan words in the language.[7] Much of the population also speaks Ilocano as a second language along with Tagalog as well. The Ayta people rely on natural resources, however, due to shrinking forests, it has become harder to sustain that life style. This problem along with diseases, and its remoteness from modern health care centers are correlated with the higher death rate as compared to birth rate in the Ayta Abellen people[9]
Phonology
Consonants[10]
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ŋ |
|
Plosive |
voiceless |
p |
t |
|
k |
ʔ |
voiced |
b |
d |
|
ɡ |
|
Fricative |
|
|
|
|
h |
Lateral |
|
l |
|
|
|
Semivowel |
w |
|
j |
|
|
Vowels
|
Front |
Back |
Close |
i |
o |
Open |
a |
ə |
Phonemes |
Orthographic symbols |
/p/ |
P |
/b/ |
B |
/t/ |
T |
/d/ |
D |
/k/ |
K |
/g/ |
G |
/ʔ/ |
- |
/h/ |
H |
/m/ |
M |
/n/ |
N |
/ŋ/ |
Ng |
/l/ |
L |
/w/ |
W |
/j/ |
Y |
/i/ |
I |
/a/ |
A |
/a/ |
Ā |
/«/ |
E |
/o/ |
O |
[11]
Additionally, s, r, c (for [k]), j,among other phonemes are used in loan words and names.[7] In Sambal and Ayta languages, the glottal stop tends to replace a word final non-obstruent when proceeded by a stressed high central vowel.
Grammar
Ayta Abellen shares the same Verb-Subject-Object sentence structure as other languages in the Philippines.[7] It shares similar phonology with other Ayta dialects as well as Botolan Sambal. Not only does it share an identical pronoun system with other Sambalic languages, but between other Ayta languages, it is around 70% similar.[12] This language is a CV(consonant and vowel) and CVC language, although sometimes, it is ambiguously a VC and V language. In this language, vowel deletion as well as consonant deletion are evident when words are combined.[7] In this language, placement of stress can be unpredictable. Poly-syllabic words have primary stress whereas words with more than three syllables contain a secondary stress. However, suffixation also causes a shift in stress placement.[7]
Writing system
Ayta Abellen is written using Latin text.[11] Ilocano is a second language to much of the Abellen and the lingua franca of where many of the Abellen people reside, while Tagalog is the national language of the Philippines, transcribers are trying to document the language in text that is similar to both Ilocano and Tagalog. Much of the hymnals used in that area are written in Botolan Sambal, and thus they are also trying to have Ayta Abellen orthography conform to it as well.[7]
See also
References
- Abellen language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- Abellen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastion, eds. (2016). "Ayta Abellen"
- "Ethnologue".(subscription required)
- Abellen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Reid, L. (1987). "The Early Switch Hypothesis: Linguistic Evidence for Contact between the Negritos and the Austronesians". Man and Culture in Oceania 3, Special Issue.
- Nitsch, W. Stone, R. (2013) An Introduction to Ayta Abellen Morphology and Syntax. Retrieved from SIL Philippines.
- Abellen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Curtis, B.(2011, November 15). Ayta Abellen.mov.[Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1akrbADrqi4
- Stone, Roger; Nitsch, Wilhelm. "An Introduction to Ayta Abellen Morphology and Syntax". Retrieved 2021-08-25.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Stone, R. (2013). Ayta Abellen Orthography Fact Sheet.[Working Paper]. Retrieved from http://www.pnglanguages.org/asia/Philippines/show_work.asp?pubs=onlinehtml&id=928474551911&Lang=eng
- Stone, R. (2008). The Sambalic Languages of Central Luzon. Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures, Volume 19. Retrieved from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25795
Philippine Negrito languages |
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Northern Luzon |
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Central Luzon | |
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Manide-Inagta | |
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Central Philippine |
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Mindanao | |
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Northern Mindoro | |
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Palawan | |
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Ati | |
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(unclassified) | |
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Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages. |
Sambalic languages |
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Major | |
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Minor | |
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Philippine languages |
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Batanic (Bashiic) | |
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Northern Luzon | | Cagayan Valley | |
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Meso-Cordilleran | | Central Cordilleran | |
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Southern Cordilleran | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Northern Mindoro | |
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Greater Central Philippine | Southern Mindoro | |
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Central Philippine | Tagalic | |
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Bikol | |
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Bisayan | |
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Mansakan | |
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(unclassified) | |
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Palawanic | |
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Subanen | |
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Danao | |
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Manobo | |
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Gorontalo–Mongondow | |
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Kalamian | |
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Bilic | |
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Sangiric | |
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Minahasan | |
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Other branches | |
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Reconstructed | Proto-Philippine † |
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- † indicates extinct status
- ? indicates classification dispute
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Austronesian languages |
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Formosan languages |
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Rukaic | |
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Tsouic | |
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Northern | Atayalic | |
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Northwest Formosan | |
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East | |
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Southern ? | |
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Malayo–Polynesian |
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Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian |
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Philippine (linkage) ? | Batanic | |
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Northern Luzon | | Cagayan Valley | |
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Northeastern Luzon | |
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Meso-Cordilleran | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Northern Mindoro | |
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Greater Central Philippine * | Southern Mindoro | |
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Central Philippine | | Bisayan | West | |
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Asi | |
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Central | |
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Cebuan | |
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South | |
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Bikol | |
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Mansakan | |
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Palawan | |
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Mindanao | |
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Gorontalo– Mongondow | |
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Kalamian | |
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Bilic | |
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Sangiric | |
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Minahasan | |
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Manide–Inagta * | |
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Greater Barito * | |
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Greater North Borneo * | North Borneo * | Northeast Sabah * | |
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Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | Bisaya–Lotud | |
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Dusunic | |
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Paitanic | |
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Greater Murutic * | |
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North Sarawak * | |
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Central Sarawak | |
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Kayanic | |
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Land Dayak | |
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Malayo–Chamic * | |
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Sundanese | |
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Rejang ? | |
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Moklenic ? | |
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Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
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Lampungic | |
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Javanese | |
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Madurese | |
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Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
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Celebic | Bungku–Tolaki | |
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Muna–Buton | |
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Saluan–Banggai | |
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Tomini–Tolitoli | |
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Kaili–Wolio * | |
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South Sulawesi | Bugis | |
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Makassaric | |
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Seko | |
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Northern | |
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Isolates | |
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| Central Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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Bima | |
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Sumba–Flores | |
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Flores–Lembata | |
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Selaru | |
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Kei–Tanimbar ? | |
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Aru | |
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Timoric * | | Central Timor * | |
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Wetar–Galoli ? | |
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Kawaimina | |
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Luangic–Kisaric ? | |
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Rote–Meto * | |
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Babar | |
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Southwest Maluku | |
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Kowiai ? | |
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Central Maluku * | |
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| Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages |
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SHWNG | | Halmahera Sea | Ambel–Biga | |
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Maya–Matbat | |
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Maden | |
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As | |
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South Halmahera | |
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Cenderawasih | |
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Oceanic | Admiralty | |
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Saint Matthias | |
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Temotu | Utupua | |
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Vanikoro | |
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Reefs–Santa Cruz | |
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Southeast Solomonic | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
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Malaita– San Cristobal | |
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Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | Willaumez | |
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Bali-Vitu | |
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New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | Tungag–Nalik | |
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Tabar | |
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Madak | |
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St. George | |
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Northwest Solomonic | |
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North New Guinea | Sarmi– Jayapura ? | |
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Schouten | |
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Huon Gulf | |
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Ngero–Vitiaz | |
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Papuan Tip | Nuclear | |
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Kilivila–Misima | |
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Nimoa–Sudest | |
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Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | Torres–Banks | |
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Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost | |
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South Pentecost | |
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Espiritu Santo | |
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Nuclear Southern Oceanic | Central Vanuatu | |
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South Vanuatu | |
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Loyalties– New Caledonia | Loyalty Islands | |
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New Caledonian | |
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Micronesian | |
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Central Pacific | |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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Languages of the Philippines |
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Official languages | |
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Regional languages | |
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Indigenous languages (by region) | Bangsamoro | |
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Bicol Region | |
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Cagayan Valley | |
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Calabarzon | |
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Caraga | |
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Central Luzon | |
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Central Visayas | |
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Cordillera | |
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Davao Region | |
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Eastern Visayas | |
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Ilocos Region | |
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Metro Manila | |
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Mimaropa | |
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Northern Mindanao | |
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Soccsksargen | |
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Western Visayas | |
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Zamboanga Peninsula | |
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Immigrant languages | |
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Sign languages | |
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Historical languages | |
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На других языках
- [en] Abellen language
[ru] Абенлен
Абенлен (Abellen Ayta, Abellen, Abenlen, Aburlen Negrito, Aburlin, Ayta Abellen Sambal) — самбальский язык, на котором говорят на ареалах Джулиана, Капас, Маянток; в городах Маамот и Сан-Хосе провинции Тарлак региона Центральный Лусон на Филиппинах. Лексическая схожесть: 66% с ботолан-самбаль, 49% с самбаль, 38%-44% с илоканским (илокано), пангасинанским, филипино и пампанганским языками.
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