lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Chuukic–Pohnpeic or historically Trukic-Ponapeic languages are a family of Micronesian languages consisting of two dialect continua, Chuukic and Pohnpeic. They are the westernmost and historically most recent[1] Micronesian languages.[2]
Language group
| Chuukic–Pohnpeic |
|---|
|
Geographic distribution | Micronesia |
|---|
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
|---|
| Subdivisions |
|
|---|
| Glottolog | pona1247 |
|---|
Composition
- Chuukic (Trukic)
- Pohnpeic (Ponapeic)
Unique innovations
Chuukic-Pohnpeic has several unique innovations that separates it as a subgroup from the rest of Nuclear Micronesian. Among the most prominent are historical sound changes from Proto-Micronesian.
Historical sound changes
Chuukic-Pohnpeic languages share a number of historical sounds changes from Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Micronesian. Chuukic languages and Pohnpeic languages separately share later innovations.
Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic reflexes of Proto-Oceanic consonants[3]
| Proto-Oceanic |
*mp | *mp,ŋp | *p | *m | *m,ŋm | *k | *ŋk | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | | *s,nj | *ns,j | *j | *nt,nd | *d,R | *l | *n | *ɲ |
| Proto-Micronesian |
*p | *pʷ | *f | *m | *mʷ | *k | *x | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | *T | *s | *S | *Z | *c | *r | *l | *n | *ɲ |
| Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic |
*p | *pʷ | *f | *m | *mʷ | *k | *∅,r1 | *ŋ | *y | *w | *t | *j | *t | *t | ∅ | *c | *r | *l | *n | *ɲ |
1 Before /a/.
Reconstructed vocabulary
Reconstructed Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic Vocabulary [4]
| Proto-Chuukic-Pohnpeic |
English gloss |
Modern language reflexes |
| *awa | mouth | CAR aaw, PON aaw |
| *faa | brave, strong | CHK fa 'be brave, bold', MOK pa 'be talented' |
| *fawo-ni-pei | name of Pohnpei Island | WOL fóólopei, PON Pohnpei |
| *kurupʷu | small young coconut | CHK kurupʷ, PON kurupʷ 'immature coconut' |
| *pirafa | to steal | MRT púraf, PNG pirap |
| *waiya | journey, be foreign | CAR weey 'to travel', PON way 'be foreign, from abroad' |
| *woro- | throat, neck | CHK woro-mi 'to swallow', PON wɛrɛ 'his/her neck' |
References
- Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages. Canberra, Australia: Asia Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 9781922185075.
- Lynch, John; Malcolm Ross; Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1128-4. OCLC 48929366.
- Bender, Byron W. (2003). "Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 1". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (1): 4, 5. doi:10.2307/3623449. JSTOR 3623449.
- Bender, Byron W. (2003). "Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 2". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (2): 271–281. doi:10.1353/ol.2003.0014.
Micronesian languages |
|---|
| Nauruan | |
|---|
Nuclear Micronesian | |
|---|
|
- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
|
Austronesian languages |
|---|
|
|
|---|
|
|---|
Philippine (linkage) ? | | Batanic | |
|---|
| Northern Luzon | | | Cagayan Valley | |
|---|
| Northeastern Luzon | |
|---|
| Meso-Cordilleran | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Central Luzon | |
|---|
| Northern Mindoro | |
|---|
Greater Central Philippine * | | Southern Mindoro | |
|---|
| Central Philippine | | | Bisayan | | West | |
|---|
| Asi | |
|---|
| Central | |
|---|
| Cebuan | |
|---|
| South | |
|---|
|
|
|---|
| Bikol | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Mansakan | |
|---|
| Palawan | |
|---|
| Mindanao | |
|---|
Gorontalo– Mongondow | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Kalamian | |
|---|
| Bilic | |
|---|
| Sangiric | |
|---|
| Minahasan | |
|---|
| Manide–Inagta * | |
|---|
|
|
|---|
| Greater Barito * | |
|---|
Greater North Borneo * | | North Borneo * | | Northeast Sabah * | |
|---|
| Southwest Sabah * | Greater Dusunic * | | Bisaya–Lotud | |
|---|
| Dusunic | |
|---|
| Paitanic | |
|---|
|
|---|
Greater Murutic * | |
|---|
|
|---|
| North Sarawak * | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Central Sarawak | |
|---|
| Kayanic | |
|---|
| Land Dayak | |
|---|
| Malayo–Chamic * | |
|---|
| Sundanese | |
|---|
| Rejang ? | |
|---|
| Moklenic ? | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
|---|
|
|
|---|
| Lampungic | |
|---|
| Javanese | |
|---|
| Madurese | |
|---|
Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
|---|
| Celebic | | Bungku–Tolaki | |
|---|
| Muna–Buton | |
|---|
| Saluan–Banggai | |
|---|
| Tomini–Tolitoli | |
|---|
| Kaili–Wolio * | |
|---|
|
|---|
| South Sulawesi | | Bugis | |
|---|
| Makassaric | |
|---|
| Seko | |
|---|
| Northern | |
|---|
|
|
|---|
| Isolates | |
|---|
|
| Central Malayo-Polynesian languages |
|---|
| Bima | |
|---|
| Sumba–Flores | |
|---|
| Flores–Lembata | |
|---|
| Selaru | |
|---|
| Kei–Tanimbar ? | |
|---|
| Aru | |
|---|
| Timoric * | | | Central Timor * | |
|---|
| Wetar–Galoli ? | |
|---|
| Kawaimina | |
|---|
| Luangic–Kisaric ? | |
|---|
| Rote–Meto * | |
|---|
| Babar | |
|---|
| Southwest Maluku | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Kowiai ? | |
|---|
| Central Maluku * | |
|---|
|
| Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages |
|---|
| SHWNG | | | Halmahera Sea | | Ambel–Biga | |
|---|
| Maya–Matbat | |
|---|
| Maden | |
|---|
| As | |
|---|
| South Halmahera | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Cenderawasih | |
|---|
|
|---|
| Oceanic | | Admiralty | |
|---|
| Saint Matthias | |
|---|
| Temotu | | Utupua | |
|---|
| Vanikoro | |
|---|
| Reefs–Santa Cruz | |
|---|
|
|---|
Southeast Solomonic | | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
|---|
Malaita– San Cristobal | |
|---|
|
|---|
Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | | Willaumez | |
|---|
| Bali-Vitu | |
|---|
New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | | Tungag–Nalik | |
|---|
| Tabar | |
|---|
| Madak | |
|---|
| St. George | |
|---|
Northwest Solomonic | |
|---|
|
|
|---|
|
|---|
North New Guinea | |
|---|
| Papuan Tip | | Nuclear | |
|---|
| Kilivila–Misima | |
|---|
| Nimoa–Sudest | |
|---|
|
|---|
|
|---|
Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | |
|---|
Nuclear Southern Oceanic | | Central Vanuatu | |
|---|
| South Vanuatu | |
|---|
Loyalties– New Caledonia | | Loyalty Islands | |
|---|
| New Caledonian | |
|---|
|
|---|
|
|---|
|
|---|
| Micronesian | |
|---|
Central Pacific | |
|---|
|
|---|
|
|
|
|
- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
|
На других языках
- [en] Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages
[ru] Понпейско-трукские языки
Понпейско-трукские (понапеа́нско-тру́кские) языки образуют подгруппу в составе микронезийской группы океанийской ветви австронезийских языков.
Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2026
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии