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The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay, which is the national language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia; it further serves as basis for Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia. The Malayic branch also includes the local languages spoken by Indonesians and ethnic Malays (e.g. Banjarese, Kutai, Kedah Malay), further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra, Indonesia (e.g. Minangkabau) and Borneo (e.g. Iban). The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo.

Malayic
Geographic
distribution		Maritime Southeast Asia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Malayic
Subdivisions
  • (disputed)
Glottologmala1538
Historical distribution of the Malayic languages in Maritime Southeast Asia (including Malay-based creoles):
  The Ibanic and Western Malayic Dayak (Kanayatn/Kendayan-Salako) subgroups, also known collectively as "Malayic Dayak".
  Other Malayic varieties; genetic relationships between them are still unclear.

History


The term "Malayic" was first coined by Dyen (1965) in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. Nothofer (1988) narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:

The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.


Languages


Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca.

Borneo

Malay Peninsula

Sumatra

Java

South China Sea/Strait of Malacca


Subgrouping



Internal classification


While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages is still disputed.


Adelaar (1993)

Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.[1]


Ross (2004)

Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:[2]

This classification is mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).


Anderbeck (2012)

Following Tadmor (2002), Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about the dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago. He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal, Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano.[3][lower-alpha 1]

Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.[lower-alpha 2]


Smith (2017)

In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".[5] However, he leaves other isolects unclassified.


Position within Austronesian


The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:[6]

Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:[7][8]

The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations, while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence.


Proto-Malayic


Proto-Malayic
Reconstruction ofMalayic languages
Reconstructed
ancestors
Proto-Austronesian
  • Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Phonology


Proto-Malayic has a total of 19 consonants and 4 vowels.[9]

Proto-Malayic Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive Voiceless p t[lower-alpha 4] c k ʔ
Voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative s h
Liquid l ʀ
Approximant w y
Proto-Malayic Vowels
Height Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Mid ə /ə/
Open a /a/

There are 2 diphthongs:


Word structure

Proto-Malayic lexemes are mostly disyllabic, though some have one, three, or four syllables. Lexemes have the following syllable structure:[9]

* [C V (N)] [C V (N)] [C V (N)] C V C 

Note: C = consonant, V = vowel, N = nasal

Notes


  1. As with Adelaar, Anderbeck reckons the difficulty in assigning absolute subgrouping within Malayic subfamily, and suggests an alternative approach which is "to dissolve the Malay node and keep everything in the Malayic group".
  2. This classification is still in use in the current 22nd edition (2019).[4]
  3. Alongside other various South Sumatran isolects which exhibit the *-R > *-ʔ innovation in a specific set of lexemes.
  4. /t/ is listed as dental by Adelaar (1992)

References



Citations


  1. Adelaar 1993, p. 568.
  2. Ross 2004, pp. 106–108.
  3. Anderbeck 2012, p. 284.
  4. Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2019.
  5. Smith 2017, p. 197.
  6. Adelaar 2005, p. 358.
  7. Blust 2010.
  8. Smith 2017, pp. 364–365.
  9. Adelaar 1992, p. 102.

Bibliography



На других языках

- [en] Malayic languages

[it] Lingue malaiche

Le lingue malaiche (o malayic) sono un insieme di lingue appartenenti alla famiglia linguistica austronesiana, ramo maleo-polinesiaco. Esse includono la lingua malese, lingua nazionale in Malaysia, Indonesia e Brunei; la lingua minangkabau parlata nel centro di Sumatra e la lingua iban del Borneo settentrionale.

[ru] Ибан-малайские языки

Малайзийские языки (Malayic) — ветвь сунда-сулавесийских языков австронезийской семьи. Она включает в себя малайский язык, национальный язык Малайзии, Индонезии и Брунея, также минангкабау в центре острова Суматра и ибанский язык на севере острова Калимантан.


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