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Ma'anyan or Ma'anjan or Maanyak Dayak is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people (subgroup of Dayak people) living in the province of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar.
| Ma'anyan | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Kalimantan |
Native speakers | 150,000 (2003)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mhy |
| Glottolog | maan1238 |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
/r/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ].
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Open | ɛ | a |
/i, u/ can be heard as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.[2]
Connection with Malagasy
The Malagasy language is an Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar. Malagasy is believed to have originated from the Southeast Barito language, and Ma'anyan is believed to be its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords.[3][4] It is known that Ma'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50-500 AD.[5][6][7] There is high lexical similarity with other East Barito languages like Paku (77%) and Dusun Witu (75%).
Vocabulary
Vocabulary comparison between Malay, Banjarese, Ma'anyan, and Malagasy.
| Malay | Banjarese | Ma'anyan | Malagasy | English |
| monyet | warik | warik | varika ("lemur") | monkey |
| bemban | bamban | waman | ||
| bulian | balian | wadian | ||
| patih | patih | patis | regent | |
| lama | lawas | lawah | lava | long |
| kawan | kawal | kawal/hengau | namana | friend |
| obat | tatamba | tatamba | tambavy | medicine |
| senang | aray | aray | ravo | happy, easy |
| masih | magun | pagun | manangona (ENG: to accumulate) | to keep ...ing |
| arya | aria | uria | ||
| demang | damang | damhong | spider | |
References
- Ma'anyan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Gudai, Darmansyah (1988). A Grammar of Maanyan, A Language of Central Kalimantan. Australian National University.
- Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). Malgache et maanjan: une comparaison linguistique. Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (in French). Oslo: Egede-Instituttet. p. 13.
- There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See Adelaar, K. Alexander (2006). "The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence". In Truman Simanjuntak; Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh; Muhammad Hisyam (eds.). Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences. pp. 8–9.
- Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The Culture History of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/bf00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256.
- Burney, David A.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Jungers, William L.; Goodman, Steven M.; Wright, Henry T.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2004). "A Chronology for Late Prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
- Kumar, Ann (2012). "Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach". In Wade, Geoff (ed.). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 101–122.
- Gudai, Darmansyah H. (1985). A Grammar of Maanyan: A Language of Central Kalimantan (PhD thesis). The Australian National University. doi:10.25911/5D763957026A1. hdl:1885/10904.
External links
- Ma'anyan language and grammar (in Ma'anyan)
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На других языках
- [en] Ma'anyan language
[fr] Ma'anyan (langue)
Le ma'anyan est une langue austronésienne parlée en Indonésie, dans le Kalimantan central, dans l'île de Bornéo. La langue appartient à la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes.[it] Lingua ma'anyan
La lingua ma'anyan (anche denominata Ma'anjan o Maanyak Dayak) è una lingua parlata nella zona del Kalimantan Centrale, sull'isola del Borneo in Indonesia.[ru] Мааньян (язык)
Мааньян (также ма'аньян[1], индон. Bahasa Maanyan) — один из австронезийских языков, распространён на острове Калимантан — в о́круге Южный Барито (индон.) (рус. провинции Центральный Калимантан (Индонезия). По данным Ethnologue, количество носителей данного языка составляло 150 тыс. чел. в 2003 году[2].Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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